The physical basis of the infrastructure Key Slide The physical basis of the infrastructure

Major Concepts Hardware and Software  Software for software (operating systems)  Software for business (applications)  Software to create software (programming languages)  Nagging issues about software   MIS 300, Chapter 2

Principles and Learning Objectives-1 Users must work closely with IS professionals to define business needs, evaluate options, and select the hardware and software that provide a cost-effective solution to those needs. Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components  of a computer system. List and describe popular classes of computer systems  and discuss the role of each. MIS 300, Chapter 2

Principles and Learning Objectives -2 When selecting an operating system, you must consider the current and future requirements for application software to meet the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice of a particular operating system must be consistent with your choice of hardware. Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software.  Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems.  MIS 300, Chapter 2

Principles and Learning Objectives-3 Do not develop proprietary application software unless doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage.  Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives. Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each. MIS 300, Chapter 2

Principles and Learning Objectives-4 Choose a programming language whose functional characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, taking into consideration the skills and experience of the programming staff.  Outline the overall evolution of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the five generations of programming languages. MIS 300, Chapter 2

Principles and Learning Objectives-5 The software industry continues to undergo constant change; users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective in their business and personal life.  Identify several key issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals. MIS 300, Chapter 2

Hardware Components CPU Central processing unit (CPU) (The thinker) Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) Control unit Input devices (what purpose?) Output devices (what purpose?) Control & Data Source Results & Feedback Why are there two different kinds of output? CPU Why are there two different kinds of input? MIS 300, Chapter 2

Hardware Components (continued) Communications devices Primary storage devices Secondary storage devices MIS 300, Chapter 2

Hardware Components (continued) Figure 2.1: Computer System Components MIS 300, Chapter 2

Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity System unit Houses CPU and memory All other devices are linked to the system unit What is the advantage of this? How do we measure the “strength” of a computer? See next slide. MIS 300, Chapter 2

Processing Characteristics and Functions Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase Clock speed: electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate Wordlength: number of bits that can be processed at one time MIS 300, Chapter 2

Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued) Physical characteristics of the CPU Digital circuits on chips Electrical current flows through silicon MIS 300, Chapter 2

Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity – A lesson in Greek Table 2.1: Number of Bytes MIS 300, Chapter 2

Types of Memory Random access memory (RAM) ROM (read-only memory) Temporary Volatile ROM (read-only memory) Usually nonvolatile SEDOM (Student Exam Dump Only Memory) MIS 300, Chapter 2

Multiprocessing – Doing more than one Thing at a Time Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions Parallel processing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel Grid computing: collection of computers working to solve a common problem MIS 300, Chapter 2

Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices Also called permanent storage Nonvolatile Greater capacity and greater economy than memory MIS 300, Chapter 2

Secondary Storage Access Methods Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order Sequential access storage devices (SASD) Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order Direct access storage devices (DASDs) Can this matter at all? What problems are being solved here? What problems are being created? MIS 300, Chapter 2

Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID) Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) MIS 300, Chapter 2

SAN Storage area network Provides high-speed connections between data-storage devices and computers MIS 300, Chapter 2

SAN (continued) Figure 2.4: Storage Area Network MIS 300, Chapter 2

Secondary Storage Devices (continued) CD-recordable (CD-R) discs CD-rewritable (CD-RW) discs Digital versatile disc (DVD) Memory cards Expandable storage MIS 300, Chapter 2

Input Devices Personal computer input devices Keyboard Mouse Voice-recognition devices Terminals And what else? What can you imagine? What are people like as input devices? MIS 300, Chapter 2

Input Devices (continued) Touch-sensitive screens Bar-code scanners Optical data readers Point-of-sale (POS) devices Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices What problem(s) is (are) these sorts of devices trying to solve? MIS 300, Chapter 2

Input Devices (continued) Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices Radio-frequency identification (RFID) – Go ask Walmart MIS 300, Chapter 2

Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) Printers and plotters MIS 300, Chapter 2

Output Devices (continued)  CRT monitors are large and bulky in comparison to LCD monitors (flat displays). Who knows what the future will bring? MIS 300, Chapter 2

Computer System Types Handheld computers (ideal for ….?) Portable computers (solves what problem?) Thin client (saves what?) Desktop computers (how much longer?) MIS 300, Chapter 2

Computer System Types (continued) Workstations Servers Mainframe computers Supercomputers Superdupercomputers?  MIS 300, Chapter 2

Overview of Software Computer programs: sequences of instructions Documentation: describes program functions Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs: “To serve and protect” Application software: helps users solve particular problems: “To get the job done” What is software really doing? Why is it important? MIS 300, Chapter 2

Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization Personal Workgroup Enterprise  Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence MIS 300, Chapter 2

Systems Software: Operating Systems Operating system (OS): set of programs that control and manage the hardware and act as an interface with applications Common hardware functions Get input (e.g., keyboard) Retrieve data from disks and store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer MIS 300, Chapter 2

Operating Systems (continued) Figure 2.8: The role of the operating system and other systems software is as an interface or buffer between application software and hardware. It also controls and manages everything. MIS 300, Chapter 2

Operating Systems (continued) User interface Allows individuals to access and command the computer system Command-based user interface: uses text commands Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system Smart interface: anticipates users’ needs MIS 300, Chapter 2

Operating Systems (continued) Hardware independence Application program interface (API): allows applications to make use of the operating system Memory management Control how memory is accessed and maximize available memory and storage MIS 300, Chapter 2

Operating Systems (continued) Processing tasks Multitasking: more than one program running at the same time Time-sharing: more than one person using a computer system at the same time Scalability: ability to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly Networking capability: features that aid users in connecting to a computer network MIS 300, Chapter 2

Operating Systems (continued) Access to system resources Protection against unauthorized access Logons and passwords File management Ensures that files in secondary storage are Available when needed Protected from access by unauthorized users MIS 300, Chapter 2

Current Operating Systems Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of Influence MIS 300, Chapter 2

Workgroup Operating Systems Windows Server UNIX NetWare Red Hat Linux Mac OS X Server MIS 300, Chapter 2

Enterprise Operating Systems z/OS MPE/iX and HP-UX Linux MIS 300, Chapter 2

Operating Systems for Small Computers and Special-Purpose Devices Palm OS Windows Embedded Windows Mobile  MIS 300, Chapter 2

Application Software Gives users the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasks Interacts with systems software; systems software then directs the hardware to perform the tasks Applica- tion Software User Interface System Software Hardware Other I/O Devices MIS 300, Chapter 2

Types and Functions of Application Software Proprietary software: unique program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company Off-the-shelf software: purchased software Customized package Proprietary: “We build it” Off-the-Shelf: “We buy it” MIS 300, Chapter 2

Personal Application Software Table 2.8: Examples of Personal Productivity Software MIS 300, Chapter 2

Personal Application Software (continued) Table 2.8: Examples of Personal Productivity Software (continued) MIS 300, Chapter 2

Workgroup Application Software Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively MIS 300, Chapter 2

Enterprise Application Software Software that benefits an entire organization Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization ERP integrates across functions, destroying silos and making communication easier.  MIS 300, Chapter 2

Programming Languages Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular types of applications MIS 300, Chapter 2

Programming Languages -2 A programming language is a vehicle through which an organization’s need for processing is translated into commands that will later be executed and turned into work. Programming is a kind of planning for action. Programming is always “buggy” in the sense that people make mistakes and organizational needs are imperfectly understood. MIS 300, Chapter 2

Programming Languages -3 I, the pro-grammer, hear you! Hooray! Now I KNOW! I need informa-tion to solve a problem! Information System Saved Com- mands Compiler or language processor Programming language statements Conversation about need Information System Some Time Later  MIS 300, Chapter 2

Software Issues and Trends That Will Effect YOU! Software bugs Program defects that keep it from performing correctly Copyrights and licenses Global software support Obsolescence Outsourcing Legal issues Commoditization Security MIS 300, Chapter 2

Summary Hardware: central processing unit (CPU), input and output devices, communications devices, primary storage devices, and secondary storage devices Random access memory (RAM): temporary and volatile ROM (read-only memory): usually nonvolatile Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions MIS 300, Chapter 2

Summary (continued) Sequential access: records retrieved in order Direct access: records retrieved in any order Computer programs: sequences of instructions Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs Application software: helps users solve problems MIS 300, Chapter 2

Summary (continued) Operating system (OS): programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applications Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system Programming languages: allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer MIS 300, Chapter 2