Chapter 10 Beliefs Religious history Around 432 Ireland converted to Christanity by St. Patrick, who brought faith from Rome His followers spread christianity to Wales, Scotland & N. England, established religious centres In Ad 496-7: the Saxons of A. England were converted to Christianity by St. Augustine & other monks sent from Rome by Pope In Ad 597: St Augustine founded the ecclesiastical capital of Canterbury

Connection between church and the state The hierarchical example of the Christian church would support their royal authority The church also provided educated advisers & administrators, through whom the kings would control their kingdoms more efficiently

In Ad 663: all the churches agreed to accept the Roman Catholic form of worship Christianity became a central & influential force in national life Church was an essential part not only of religious culture but also of administration, law and government Church remained a part of the Roman Catholic faith & was based on the traditional hierarcy of monks, priests, bishops & archbishops The English kings maintained their allegiance to Rome & the Pope in spiritual matters

Conflicts & division between the 2 branches of Christianity Relationship between England and Rome became difficult By the 16 th century: the breaking point Reasons: English monarchs were jealous of the expanded power and wealth of the English church resented the dominant influence of Rome in national affairs Henry III, then, argued (a) he, not the pope : the supreme legal authority, (b) English church & its courts should owe their allegiance only to him

The Reformation Immediate Causes Merchant wealth challenged the church’s view of usury. German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. Church corruption and the sale of the indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

The Reformers Martin Luther Believed in salvation by faith alone Posted the 95 theses Led the movement that gave birth to the Protestant Church John Calvin Believed in predestination Expanded Protestant movement King Henry VIII Dismissed authority of the popes in Rome Divorced, broke with the Catholic Church Formed the Church of England

Immediate Results England Elizabeth I –– ended bloodshed –– united British Isles under the Anglican Church. Rise of Reformation contributed to the growth of capitalism

Immediate Results Germany North: Princes converted to Protestantism, ending papal authority in their states. Hapsburg family remained Catholic. War between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating loss (Thirty Years’ War).

Counter-Reformation Catholic Church mounted reforms to reassert its authority (Reforms agreed to at the Council of Trent). Society of Jesus – The Jesuits – was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. The Inquisition was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

Long-Term Results Changing cultural values and traditions – Growth of secularism – Growth of individualism – Growth of religious tolerance

The church of England The established or national church in England Reasons 1.Official position was confirmed by the Elizabethan church Settlement 2. Its archbishops, bishops deans are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister 3. The monarch is the head of the church 4. Parliament has a voice in its organization & rituals

The Canterbury Cathedral

The Church of Scotland Created in 1560 by John Knox An established church in Scotland confirmed by successive legislation from 1707 Follow the teaching of Calvin Governed by elders The British monarch as its head Independent of all parliamentary supervision The general Assembly --- the supreme organizational body of the church Made up of elected ministers & elders

The Roman catholic Church After the Reformation, the church in Britain experienced much persecution & discrimination Head of the Roman catholic Church in England: the cardinal Archbishop of Westminster The senior lay Catholic: the duke of Norfolk Now Catholicism is widely practised in Britain & enjoys religious freedom The church continues to emphasize the important role of education for its children & requires its members to try to raise their children in the Catholic faith

The Free Churches The Methodists The Baptists The United Reformed Church The Salvation Army

Other Beliefs Mahayana temple

Hinduism Background and beliefs: Hinduism is both a civilisation and a congregation of religions, having neither a founder, central authority, hierarchy nor organisation. Places: Hindus consider the Ganges river in India to be holy Community profile: There are between 400,000 and 550,000 people in the UK Hindu community, concentrated in London (especially Wembley and Harrow), Birmingham, Coventry and Leicester. Membership has increased by 40% since 1975.

Mosque

Islam Background and beliefs: The sources of Islam are the Koran, believed by Muslims to be the exact word of God, and the Hadith - the report of the sayings, deeds and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. Leaders: Islam has no priests, only (in the Shia tradition) imams, who act as guides and interpreters of the Koran

Islam Places: The Koran requires all Muslims to undertake a pilgrimage (Haj) to Mecca in Saudi Arabia once in their lifetime, if their health and means permit. Community profile: Britain's Muslim community numbers about two million people. Large communities exist in the West Midlands, West Yorkshire, Bradford, Lancashire, Greater London and in Scotland's central belt.

Sikhism Background and beliefs: Sikhism is an Indian religion combining Islamic and Hindu elements, founded in the Punjab in the late 15th century by Guru Nanak. Nanak was the first of the Ten Gurus, of whom Sikhs consider themselves disciples. There is one God, whom man should serve by leading a good life of prayer and obedience to His commands. By doing this, Sikhs believe that after their soul passes through various existences by transmigration they will ultimately become one with God.

Sikhism Community:The British Sikh community now stands at about 500,000, with concentrations in Birmingham, Bradford, Cardiff, Coventry, Glasgow, Leeds, Leicester, Greater London (especially Southall) and Wolverhampton