Muhammad Wasim Raad1 What is RFID? RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track... RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item

Muhammad Wasim Raad2 What is RFID Radio Frequency Identification Label(Transponder) Reader/Antenna(Interrogator) Computer  Tag enters RF field ‚ RF signal powers tag  Tag transmits ID, plus data „ Reader captures data  Reader sends data to computer  Computer determines action  Computer instructs reader  Reader transmits data to tag

Muhammad Wasim Raad RFID Diagram: Note: The host is the software database... Reader RF Module Antenna Host Computer RFID Primer

Muhammad Wasim Raad Note: The RF module creates radio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna… Reader RF Module Antenna Host Computer RFID Primer

Muhammad Wasim Raad Note: The RF module creates radio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna… Reader RF Module Antenna Host Computer RFID Primer

Muhammad Wasim Raad Note: Tag (transponder) is interrogated by the antenna.... Reader Reader RF Module Tag Antenna Host Computer RFID Primer

Muhammad Wasim Raad Note: The antenna captures the tag ID number…first as analog RF waves, then it is converted to digital information. (Tag ID Communication) Reader RF Module Tag Antenna Host Computer RFID Primer

Muhammad Wasim Raad8 An RFID Tag Is A Portable Database … A sophisticated computing and communications device …A wireless extension of Information Systems Interrogation Unit Tx/Rx Micro Computer Computer Network Antenna Tag Radio Tx/Rx RAMROM CPUI/O Pwr Supply Radio Tx/Rx RAMROM CPUI/O Pwr Supply

Muhammad Wasim Raad9 Inlays for RFID Tags for Mhz

Muhammad Wasim Raad10 Why use RFID ? To determine authentication of a package To provide automated traceability of an item

Muhammad Wasim Raad11 Motivation of using RFID Generate Revenue Reduce operating costs

Muhammad Wasim Raad12 The RFID Reader Anti- collision protocol

Muhammad Wasim Raad13 What is RFID? -- The Tags Tags can be read-only or read-write Tag memory can be factory or field programmed, partitionable, and optionally permanently locked Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more than 100,000 times

Muhammad Wasim Raad14 Tags can be attached to almost anything: –pallets or cases of product –vehicles –company assets or personnel –items such as apparel, luggage, laundry –people, livestock, or pets –high value electronics such as computers, TVs, camcorders What is RFID? -- The Tags

Muhammad Wasim Raad15 Are All Tags The Same? Basic Types: Active Tag transmits radio signal Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry High Read Range (300 feet) Passive Tag reflects radio signal from reader Reader powered Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)

Muhammad Wasim Raad16 Variations: –Memory Size (16 bits - 512KBytes +) Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam –Arbitration (Anti-collision) Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time –Frequency 125KHz GHz –Physical Dimensions Thumbnail to Brick sizes –Price ($0.50 to $250) Are All Tags The Same?

Muhammad Wasim Raad17 Types of Tags - Memory Segmentation  Read Only (Factory Programmed)  WORM - Write Once, Read Many times  Reprogrammable (Field Programmable)  Read/Write (In-Use Programmable)

Muhammad Wasim Raad18 What are chipless tags? No IC Use RF fibers or materials reflect reader’s signal producing unique serial no Cost: cents each Tolerates wide range temperature Less sensitive RF

Muhammad Wasim Raad19 Chipless tags 2.5% of RFID market Expected to become 30% in 2010 Chipless RFID smart labels have a range of 10 meters

Muhammad Wasim Raad20 What is RFID? -- The Readers Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as –Entrance/exit –Point of sale –Warehouse Readers can also be mobile -- tethered, hand-held, or wireless

Muhammad Wasim Raad21 Advantages Uses normal CMOS processing — basic and ubiquitous Relative freedom from regulatory limitations Well suited for applications requiring reading small amounts of data at slow speeds and minimal distances Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood, aluminum) <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )

Muhammad Wasim Raad22 Disadvantages: Does not penetrate or transmit around metals (iron, steel) Handles only small amounts of data Slow read speeds Large Antennas -- compared to higher frequencies Minimal Range <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )

Muhammad Wasim Raad23 Disadvantages: Tag construction: 4 is thicker (than MHz) 4 is more expensive (than MHz) 4 more complex (requires more turns of the induction coil) <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz )

Muhammad Wasim Raad MHz Advantages Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and ubiquitous Well suited for applications requiring reading small amounts of data and minimal distances Penetrates water/tissue well Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil); lower costs to build Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than higher MHz systems) Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)

Muhammad Wasim Raad25 Disadvantages Government regulated frequency (U.S. versus Europe) Does not penetrate or transmit around metals (unless very thick) Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies) Larger tag size than higher frequencies Tag construction: requires more than one surface to complete a circuit Minimal Range MHz

Muhammad Wasim Raad26 Bar Codes vs. RFID

Muhammad Wasim Raad27 RFID Applications Petrol Service Stations –In Singapore, the Mobil petrol service stations has already introduced RFID technology to implement their Speed Pass system to enable drivers to fill up the petrol and drive away. All information will be gathered automatically through RFID smart tags and customers’ bills can be settled through the net.

Muhammad Wasim Raad28 RFID Application in Petrol Service Station

Muhammad Wasim Raad29 RFID Application in a Factory Canteen it is very interesting to notice that in the factory canteen’s environment, RFID tags are attached at the bottom of the plates to identify the cooked food and its price. The staff of the factory need only to pick up the food on the tray and place the tray on top of a RFID reader. The RFID reader will identify the products and its price. The staff need only to place the cash card to pay for the food.

Muhammad Wasim Raad30 Paperless Maintenance Senario at Frankfort Airport

Muhammad Wasim Raad31 Configuration of RFID Antennas on doors in Metro ware house

Muhammad Wasim Raad32 Application in Smart Appliances

Muhammad Wasim Raad33 Smart Appliances using RFID

Muhammad Wasim Raad34 Advantage RFiD Expiration {Not Expired, Expired} Can cook Cannot cook Cooking a pizza Diet {Healthy, Unhealthy} Forget about your pizza

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Muhammad Wasim Raad36 What is EPC (Electronic Product Coding)? EPC is a globally unique serial number identifying individual item attached to it Enables enquiries to be made about individual item wherever it is in the global supply chain

Muhammad Wasim Raad37 The EPC Network EPCglobal network enable immediate retrieval accurate trusted information EPC network uses RFID+EPC + internet to allow trading partners to share this information securely

Muhammad Wasim Raad38 Benefits EPCglobal RFID network Faster and more precise reads Accurate and trusted data Lower inventory levels Fewer out of stock Better asset utilization

Muhammad Wasim Raad39 Example and Structure of An EPC Number

Muhammad Wasim Raad40 EPC Information Service

Muhammad Wasim Raad41 EPC meets pharmaceutical supply chain

Muhammad Wasim Raad42 Case Study:Logistics processes at HP

Muhammad Wasim Raad43 Automotive production at BMW

Muhammad Wasim Raad44 Event information in automotive process chain

Muhammad Wasim Raad45 What is EAS(Electronic Article Surveillance)? Books, hairdryers.. Bear small tags for theft prevention Initially at book shelf tag has a bit of 0 At point of sale sales clerk deactivate tags by setting bit to 1

Muhammad Wasim Raad46 Smart Shelves Antennas have to be optimally placed on shelves Still expensive, requires numerous readers Smart shopper carts scan items and objects on shelves

Muhammad Wasim Raad47 Privacy Privacy bit on tag Tags belong to consumers If privacy bit=1 it will be invisible to readers Readers watch on each other: private tag command What is blocker tag?

Muhammad Wasim Raad48 The privacy bit Blocker tag command can prevent privacy violations before they occur A blocker effectively jams readers that emit private-read commands When it detects it, it simulates all possible RFID tags in the world rendering reader incapable

Muhammad Wasim Raad49 Market Trend

Muhammad Wasim Raad50 HID MIFARE Card MHz contactless card used for public transportation, access control,road toll, park & ride, airline ticketing, customer loyalty and ID card

Muhammad Wasim Raad51 Unique Chip Serial Number 8Kbit EEPROM 16 independent sectors Protection by cryptographic algorithm Mifare features Anticollision MHz Transmission ISO Card Reader Key Storage WOM Cryptography

Muhammad Wasim Raad52 Main applications Access Control Vehicle identification Electronic driver license Ski Passes Airline tickets Transportation: buses, taxis & underground Baggage Identification

Muhammad Wasim Raad53 Contactless card reader Read/Write to contactless memory cards Utilizes Mifare technology Used in Access control to buildings

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Muhammad Wasim Raad55 Corporate Physical access control Strategy

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Muhammad Wasim Raad57 Proximity Solutions for MULTOS 2 types of MULTOS “Dual-Interface” cards – supporting communication with the chip via both the contact plate and the contactless interface based on Proximity Standard - ISO l Hitachi/DNP Contactless MULTOS: 36K EEPROM, Type B contactless interface, Available now l Supports both versions of Paypass transaction (contactless M/Chip 4, or Contactless Track 2 data) and in fact can execute ANY existing MULTOS application over the contactless interface. l Keycorp / Philips Contactless MULTOS, 16K EEPROM, MIFARE Type A contactless interface, Prototypes available now l Supports Mifare ticketing only. Full contactless MULTOS application execution planned for Q K issued for Japan Residential ID card

Muhammad Wasim Raad58 Cost RFID readers: 1000$ Tags: > 20 cents. Active tags: 1$-5$ Tags will become cost effective when production inlay very high Only handful of quality suppliers

Muhammad Wasim Raad59 Cost continue Production methods and materials used to build RFID inlays being defined Tag antennas metallic, very expensive and large size Chip less Tags much cheaper:.1-10 cents

Muhammad Wasim Raad60 Future of RFID Tags Low cost active tags for locating & tracking objects with limited no of readers Higher frequencies: Tags developed at Siemens lab: Ghz, have batteries and range extend to several kilometers

Muhammad Wasim Raad61 Future continue Recently, Ultra WIDE BAND (ubw) can locate objects in 2 & 3 dimensions within few inches Marketed for asset tracking in hospitals The size of wristwatch, 40 grams Indoor range: 300 feet

Muhammad Wasim Raad62 Future: Science Fiction Transparent packages will light up in moving color advertisement Disposable smart labels will detect viruses and specific chemicals

Muhammad Wasim Raad63 References RFID book by Steven Shepard, McGraw- Hill 2005-ISBN RFID Field Guide Deploying Radio Frequency Identification systems By Manish Bhuptani-ISBN