Low Noise Amplifier Design

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Presentation transcript:

Low Noise Amplifier Design Sources of Noise Low Noise Design

Sources of Noise Ambient Noise. Electrical Interference. Eg. Background noise in a recording Electrical Interference. Eg. Mains hum, mobile phones Amplifier Noise. Noise added by the amp

Sources of Amplifier Noise Thermal Noise Resistive components Shot Noise Semiconductor junctions Flicker Noise All components

Thermal Noise Random motion of electrons in a conductor (Brownian motion) causes thermal noise. It is a white Gaussian noise voltage of magnitude: k = Boltzmann’s constant T = Temperature [Kelvin] R = Resistance B = Bandwidth

White Noise |N(f)|2 frequency Flat spectrum extending to infinity implies a signal with infinite r.m.s. voltage – obviously impossible. In practice, interest is restricted to a finite band of frequencies.

Band-Limited White Noise |N(f)|2 frequency N(t) time

Band-Limited Thermal Noise The r.m.s. voltage level of a band-limited white noise signal is proportional to the square root of the bandwidth. For thermal noise: or,

Shot Noise - - - - - - - Current a number of carriers per second Dominates in semiconductor devices when carriers are diffusing. (In conductors, thermal noise is usually much bigger) - - - - - - - Current a number of carriers per second

Shot Noise Current The average number of carriers flowing past a point per second is proportional to the current. In any observation interval, the actual number of carriers will vary around this average – this variation is shot noise.

Flicker Noise Imperfections in the fabrication of a component cause flicker noise. Unlike thermal noise and shot noise, flicker noise is not white; it is pink. Also, it can be reduced depending on the quality of the component.

Flicker Noise Current f = frequency, K = component dependent constant. Note that the noise power is inversely proportional to frequency – i.e. pink noise.

Noise in Amplifiers A noisy amplifier Equivalent circuit

Noise Figure Noise from RS: Signal-to-noise ratio for vin: Equivalent circuit of a noisy amplifier with a noisy input.

Equivalent circuit of a noisy amplifier with a noisy input. Noise voltage level at the output will be the r.m.s. sum of the resistor noise and the amplifier noise. (Add power, not voltage) Output signal-to-noise ratio is, therefore: Equivalent circuit of a noisy amplifier with a noisy input.

The Noise Figure of the amplifier is the ratio between the output and input signal-to-noise ratios:

Noise Temperature RS vS RS Ideal amp RS is heated to Tn but amp is ideal vS Noisy amp If RS is cooled to zero:

The noise temperature of the amplifier is the value of Tn where: Noise temperature and noise figure are related since:

Introduction to Noise – Summary The main sources of amplifier noise are thermal noise, shot noise and flicker noise. Thermal noise and shot noise are both white and are irreducible. Flicker noise is pink and can be controlled. The noise performance of an amplifier can be quantified by either its Noise Figure or Noise Temperature.