Chapter Two The Evolution of Business © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Introduction to Business

2 - 3 Division of Labor in a Tribe Figure 2.1

2 - 4 The Emergence of the Hierarchy Hierarchy of authority -the ranking of people according to their relative rights and responsibilities to control and utilize resources

2 - 5 Hierarchy and Property Rights Property rights -the right of people to own, use, or sell valuable resources Aristocracy -people given the right by a ruler to control a country’s resources, including its land and labor

2 - 6 The Hierarchy of English Aristocrats Figure 2.3

2 - 7 Feudalism -the business or economic system in which one class of people, aristocrats, controls the property rights to all valuable resources, including people

2 - 8 Feudalism, Mercantilism, and Capitalism Figure 2.4

2 - 9 From Barter to Money Double coincidence of wants -each person has to want the product that the other person has to offer for the exchange to be successful When people agree to use money to buy and sell products it increases the profitability of trade

Money as a Standard of Value Figure 2.5

From Money to Capital Interest rate -the price at which capital will be loaned Risk -the possibility of incurring future financial losses because of one’s investment decisions See current interest rates at money-rates.com money-rates.com

Mercantilism: Trade and Enterprise Mercantilism -the business system in which a product’s price differences are exploited by trading the product across markets and countries

Feudalism, Mercantilism, and Capitalism Figure 2.4

The Growth of Enterprise Merchant -a trader who uses the discrepancy between the value and price of a product in one market and another to trade goods for profit Bankers -the people who estimate the risks associated with a new venture and determine the way profits from a venture should be shared

Craft Guilds and Occupational Specialization Craftspeople -workers or artisans with the skills to produce higher-quality goods and services Craft guild -a group of skilled artisans organized to control and govern different aspects of its trade

The Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution -an era in the 18 th and 19 th centuries that marked improved production and trade brought about by advances in technology

Capitalism, Unionization, and the Modern Class System Capitalism -the economic or business system in which the private ownership of resources becomes the basis for the production and distribution of goods and services

Feudalism, Mercantilism, and Capitalism Figure 2.4

Capitalism, Unionization, and the Modern Class System Capitalists -people who personally own or control the physical capital of industrial production such as machinery, factories, distribution networks, raw materials, and technology

Capitalism, Unionization, and the Modern Class System Proletariat -the class of unskilled workers who have no capital and only possess the rights to sell their own labor Trade union -an organization that lobbies on behalf of its members (workers) to increase their bargaining power in work-related negotiations

Capitalism, Unionization, and the Modern Class System Class system -a social ranking of people based upon the amount of their capital and wealth, and because of factors such as heredity, kinship, fame, and occupation

The Class System in Capitalism Figure 2.6

Changing Forms of Business Organization Figure 2.7

The Partnership and Sole Proprietorship Partnership -two or more skilled professionals who agree to pool their talents and capital to establish a company in which they are the stockholders and owners Sole proprietorship -a non-incorporated business entirely owned by one person