Alternative conceptions of the self and the political order

Homer Point: Homer does not distinguish between the psychological and the physical – “psuche” (from which “psychology”) – an individual when one is alive and which departs at death (27) – There is no real sense of the “I” which “takes decisions” One’s thumos makes you do something “hot swirling surging sensation produced by strong feeling (29) – No distinction between psychological function and organ

Thumos: it can feel “on its own” but one can also “rejoice in one’s thumos.” “Soma” – does not mean body but corpse (from which the psuche has departed) What is body?

Body: Diplyon vase (c 800 BCE) No word for body as a whole.

Compare to 580 BCE: Kleobis and Biton

Compare to 350 BCE: Riace bronze (life size)

SOciety The oikos – noble household under the leadership of a chief or agathos “Agathos (however) is not the title of the head of the oikos but the most powerful adjective available to commend a man in Homeric society” (37) – He has arete: “strength-and-bravery-and-wealth- leading-or-preserving-success”

conclusion Fragmented versus unitary self

Donna Haraway (1944--) and Cayenne

Ph.D. in biology (Yale, 1972) J.D. Bernal medal, 2000 Teaches in History of Consciousness, UCSC – A Cyborg Manifesto (1985) – Primate Visions: Gender, Race and Nature in the World of modern Science (1989) – Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991) – When Species Meet (2008)

The question of objectivity – Not constructivist – leads to relativism – Not empiricist – leads to universalism For DG, subject is SITUATED, hence knowledge is always partial Metaphor for this is vision – necessarily limited – “Only partial perspective promises objective vision.” (1991)

We do not represent nature as scientists but interact with it: “conversations” with a trickster. The Question of Identity – Do not identify with a standpoint (including that of gender) – DH not afraid that agency will be lost

CYBORGS Beings who blur boundaries Reaction against feminist distrust of technologies Undermines nature/culture distinction

Resists: 1/ “essentialism”: "any theory that claims to identify a universal, transhistorical, necessary cause or constitution of gender identity or patriarchy” 2/ "a jurisprudence model of feminism” (e.g. Catherine Mackinnon)

Rather: "there is nothing about being female that naturally binds women together into a unified category. There is not even such a state as 'being' female, itself a highly complex category constructed in contested sexual scientific discourses and other social practices" (MC 236-7) “Affinity rather than identity”

The cyborg: hybrid of machine and organism Why this image? – "Cyborg replication is uncoupled from organic reproduction” (231) – The cyborg does not aspire to "organic wholeness through a final appropriation of all the powers of the parts into a higher unity” – The cyborg "is not afraid of joint kinship with animals and machines...of permanently partial identities and contradictory standpoints"

The "cyborg" resembles the identity of "women of color," which "marks out a self- consciously constructed space that cannot affirm the capacity to act on the basis of natural identification, but only on the basis of conscious coalition, of affinity, of political kinship"

Three changes 1. boundary between animal and human is breached – Creationism “is a form of child abuse” 2. The distinction between animal-human (organisms) and machine is leaky. – What counts as nature is undermined 3. Boundary between physical and non- physical is imprecise. – Miniaturization and fluidity (235)

Changes Representation Simulation Bourgeois novel Science Fiction Realism and modernismPostmodernism OrganismBiotic component, code WorkText MimesisPlay of signifiers Depth, integritySurface, boundary HeatNoise Biology as clinical practiceBiology as inscription PhysiologyCommunications engineering Microbiology, tuberculosisImmunomodulation Small groupSubsystem PerfectionOptimization EugenicsGenetic engineering DecadenceObsolescence HygieneStress Management Organic division of labourErgonomics, cybernetics Functional specializationModular construction Biological determinismSystem constraints ReproductionReplication IndividualReplicon Community ecologyEcosystem Racial chain of beingUnited Nations Humanism ColonialismTransnational capitalism Nature/cultureFields of difference Co-operationCommunications enhancement FreudLacan LabourRobotics MindArtificial intelligence Second World WarStar Wars White capitalist patriarchyInformatics of domination

Neither side is “natural” The “cyborg is a kind of disassembled and reassembled, postmodern collective and personal self.” (MC 246) Science is coming – what are we to do? – "Cyborg monsters in feminist science fiction define quite different political possibilities and limits from those proposed by the mundane fiction of Man and Woman"

STNG 7 of 9

conclusions 1. beware grand categories (sex, patriarchy, etc – go for the in between 2. seize the tools to mark the world that marks one as an other (science, technology) 3. be open to perspectives from other points of view (science fiction useful) 4. I would rather be a cyborg than a goddess” 5. Like Homer the self composed of multiple parts and not limited to “nature”