Diabetic nephropathy  Diabetes is common in Saudi Arabia  This mainly related to genetic factors as well as the life style  40% of patients with ERSD.

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Presentation transcript:

Diabetic nephropathy  Diabetes is common in Saudi Arabia  This mainly related to genetic factors as well as the life style  40% of patients with ERSD are diabetics

The Kidney’s

Dialysis in Saudi Arabia  There are 6700 patients on dialysis in Saudi Arabia  There is 130 haemodialysis centres in Saudi Arabia  The incidence of hepatitis B is 6.7%and 50% for HCV SCOT data Saudi J kid (3)

Dialysis in the Kingdom  It had been estimated that the number of dialysis patients would exceed patients in the year 2010  Most centres are saturated and need to expand in order to accept new patients  There is a great need for CAPD in Saudi Arabia SCOT data Saudi J kid (3)

CAPD  There is only 335 patients on CAPD in Saudi Arabia (3%)  Only 35 patients are HCV +ve ( 10%)  285 are on CAPD (85%) 50 are on IPD (15%) SCOT data Saudi J kid (3)

وظيفة الكلية  *التخلص من المواد الضارة الناتجة عن الاحتراق والطاقة  * التحكم في كمية السوائل بداخل الجسم  * انتاج فيتامين "د" وتقوية العظام  * المساعدة في تكوين كريات الدم الحمراء ومنع الانيميا

أسباب الفشل الكلوي أسباب الفشل الكلوي  مرض السكر ارتفاع ضغط الدم ارتفاع ضغط الدم  امراض الكلى الوراثية  التهابات الكلى المزمنة  التناول الخاطئ لبعض الادوية خاصة المخفضة للالام والاعشاب المستخدمة لتخفيف الوزن

ارتفاع ضغط الدم  يحصل الفشل الكلوي اذا ارتفع ضغط الدم الى مستوى كبير جدا على فترة زمنية طويلة  * اذا عولج ارتفاع ضغط الدم بطريقة صحيحة فأنه لايسبب الفشل الكلوي  * اذا عولج ارتفاع ضغط الدم بطريقة صحيحة فأنه لايسبب الفشل الكلوي  * اذا علولج ارتفاع ضغط الدم بعد وجود قصور في وظائف الكلى فان الوظائف تتحسن وقد تعود الى طبيعتها

مرض السكر مرض السكر 1.*يسبب مرض السكر الفشل الكلوي بعد مرور عشرين سنة او اكثر ويحصل ذلك اكثر عند وجود بعض العوامل الوراثية واهمال العلاج وارتفاع ضعط الدم 1.*يسبب مرض السكر الفشل الكلوي بعد مرور عشرين سنة او اكثر ويحصل ذلك اكثر عند وجود بعض العوامل الوراثية واهمال العلاج وارتفاع ضعط الدم 2.* يمكن تلافي ذلك بالمحافظة على مستوى السكر بالدم بشكل دقيق مع المحافظة على ضغط الدم بمستوى طبيعي 3.* اذا اكتشفت الحالة مبكرة يمكن اعطاء بعض العقاقير التي تمنع ذلك 3.* اذا اكتشفت الحالة مبكرة يمكن اعطاء بعض العقاقير التي تمنع ذلك

الفشل الكلوي المزمن  اعراضه.  يسمى الفشل الكلوي القاتل الصامت إلا ان هناك بعض الاعراض منها التعب والإجهاد ووجود دم في البول واضطراب في الدورة الشهرية لدى النساء مع فقر الدم  * في الحالات المبكرة قد يكون هناك زلال وتورم في القدمين مع ارتفاع في ضغط الدم  * في الحالات المتقدمة يوجد غثيان مع قيء ثم صعوبة في التنفس وقد يؤدي الى تشنجات  * في الحالات المتقدمة يوجد غثيان مع قيء ثم صعوبة في التنفس وقد يؤدي الى تشنجات

علاج الفشل الكلوي  في الحالات المبكرة نركز على التحكم في الضغط والسكر وهناك حالات تستجيب لعقارالكورتيزون او ادوية اخرى  في الحالات المتقدمة يركز على نفس النقاط بالاضافة الى حمية عن البروتينات  * في الحالات المتقدمة جدا قد نحتاج الى غسيل كلوي مزمن او زراعة كلية  * في الحالات المتقدمة جدا قد نحتاج الى غسيل كلوي مزمن او زراعة كلية

زراعة الكلى  تتم الزراعة اما عن طريق قريب او تؤخذ من شخص متوفي دماغيا  تتم الزراعة اما عن طريق قريب او تؤخذ من شخص متوفي دماغيا  * لابد ان يكون المتبرع خالي من الامراض خاصة السكر والضغط ولايقل سنه عن 18 سنة ولايزيد عن 65 سنة ولايكون حاملا لاي فيروس او بكتيريا  * لابد ان يكون المتلقي ايضا خال من امراض القلب والامراض المزمنة وغير حامل للفيروسات

زراعة الكلى  تبلغ نسبة نجاح زراعة الكلى اكثر من 90%  *يتراوح متوسط عمر الكلية المزروعة من 12الى 15 سنة وقد تكون اطول من ذلك بكثير او اقصر بكثير  *يتراوح متوسط عمر الكلية المزروعة من 12الى 15 سنة وقد تكون اطول من ذلك بكثير او اقصر بكثير  * يستطيع المريض المتلقي للكلية ان يعيش حياة طبيعية ويمارس نشاطاته بشكل عادي كما يمكنه الانجاب سواء كان ذكر او انثى * يظل المريض المتلقي للكلية يتناول ادوية مخفضة للمناعة لمنع رفض الكلية المزروعة طوال حياته  * لاتوجد اضرار معروفة للمتبرع اذا كان الاختيار صحيحا

Transplantatio n Advantages  Most like your own kidney  No dialysis needed  No access needed  Normal Diet (-sodium)  More “normal” life style Disadvantage  Risks of major surgery  Risk of body rejecting kidney  Possible side effects of drugs  Lower resistance to illness  Body image changes. Patient's Kidney Transplant Kidney (extra-peritoneally) Bladder

ارشادات عامة حول الكلى  * ننصح الجميع الاكثار من شرب السوائل بحيث تكون كمية البول اكثر من لتر ونصف يوميا  * ننصح الجميع الاكثار من شرب السوائل بحيث تكون كمية البول اكثر من لتر ونصف يوميا  * الدقة في مراجعة الحمل واكثشاف اي تشوهات جنينية مبكرة  * الدقة في مراجعة الحمل واكثشاف اي تشوهات جنينية مبكرة  * عند وجود اي اعراض مثل حرقة البول او دم في البول وكثرة التردد بمراجعة "استشاري الكلى "لتقييم الحالة وإعطاء الادوية قبل تطور المرض

Renal impairment: Prevalence  The progression of renal impairment can lead to end- stage renal disease which has huge medical, social and financial consequences  End-stage renal disease is particularly prevalent in:  The elderly  African-Americans  Patients with diabetes  Nearly half of the hypertensive population displays some abnormality of renal function

Early hypertrophy of renal tissue and increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Development of glomerular lesions without any clinically appreciable disease (GFR remains increased) Incipient nephropathy with microalbuminuria (GFR normal or slightly increased) Clinical nephropathy with marked proteinuria and decreased GFR GFR continues to decrease and end-stage renal disease develops In type 1 diabetes, progression to end-stage renal disease has been sequenced into five stages: Progression to end-stage renal disease

Type 1  Strict glycaemic control can decrease the nephropathy and progression of renal diseases

It has been suggested that 25 to 45 percent of these patients will, during their lifetime, develop clinically evident disease Type one DM

 Strict blood pressure control is very important  Genetic factors play major role in diabetic nephropathy  Most patients have retinopathy  Most are asymptomatic

Nutrition

Alternatives to Avoid

Nutrition in Patients with CRF Classes of nutrients  - carbohydrates  - fats  - proteins  - vitamins  - minerals  - water Essential nutrients  - amino-acids  - essential fatty acids  - vitamins, elements Without these, an individual cannot function Dietary protein provide amino acids - body proteins Without sufficient dietary protein and energy, no growth or repair

Recommended Protein & Energy Intakes # safe for 97.5 % of the population (WHO 1985) CRF patients with GFR ml/min reduce protein and energy intake (MDRD study) Protein and energy intake lower than recommended in a large proportion (20-60%?) of HD and CAPD patients ProteinEnergy (g/kg BW/day) (kcal/kg BW/day) Healthy adults > 0.75 # >35 CRF patients (non-dialyzed) ? 0.60 (high quality) >35 HD patients > 1.2 >35 CAPD patients > 1.2 >35

Serum albumin alone is neither necessary nor sufficient to indicate malnutrition

<= > Serum Albumin (mg/dl) Relative Death Risk Lowrie et al, 1990 Serum Albumin and Death Risk Haemodialysis Patients

Urinary albumin excretion Mogensen CE et al. Lancet 1995; 346: 1080–1084 Clinical proteinuria >300 mg/24 hrs (>200 µg/min) Microalbuminuria 30–300 mg/24 hrs (20–200 µg/min) Normal excretion <30 mg/24 hrs (<20 µg/min)

Microalbuminuria: Prevalence and predictive power in diabetics  Type 1 diabetes  Prevalence: 50%  Predictive value for the development of nephropathy: 75%  Type 2 diabetes  Prevalence: 25–60% (depending on ethnic origin)  Predictive value for the development of nephropathy: 25% Savage MW et al. Br J Hosp Med 1995; 54: 429–435 Viberti GC et al. In: International Textbook of Diabetic Medicine, 1992

Serum creatinine level of 1.4 mg/dl: What is the renal function? Serum creatinine (mg/dl) Large muscular male Normal male Small female Fraction of normal renal function (%) Sica DA. Unpublished data GFR (ml/min)

Therapeutic options in hypertension Hypertensio n ACE inhibitors Calcium antagonists Angiotensin II antagonists  -blockers  1 -antagonists Diuretics

ACE inhibitors in hypertension and heart failure In hypertension, ACE inhibitors  Lower blood pressure  Reduce the progression of end-organ damage In heart failure, ACE inhibitors  Improve cardiovascular hemodynamics  Improve symptomatolgy and exercise capacity  Decrease morbidity and mortality

ACE inhibitors and renal impairment: Considerations Occasional cases of renal impairment and hyperkalemia have been reported with ACE inhibitors Dose modifications are a consideration in patients with renal impairment (except for fosinopril) ACE inhibitors show renoprotective effects over and above blood pressure control ACE inhibitors

Adrenergic agents and renal impairment: Considerations Post-dose temporary reduction in renal blood flow and GFR Modification of initial dosing is a consideration for hydrophilic  -blockers There is no evidence of renoprotective effects over and above blood pressure control Adrenergic agents

Calcium antagonists and renal impairment: Considerations The effect of renal impairment on metabolism of some active metabolites of calcium antagonists (e.g. diltiazem, verapamil) is unknown There is no evidence of a class-specific renoprotective effect over and above blood pressure control Calcium antagonists

Diuretics and renal impairment: Considerations Efficacy may be reduced in renal impairment Thiazides may decrease renal blood flow and GFR There is no evidence of renoprotective effects over and above blood pressure control Diuretics

Antihypertensive treatment in diabetes: Additional considerations Adapted from Cziraky MJ et al. Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30: 791–801

Schematic diagram of ACE inhibition and renal function Normotensive Hypertensive Hypertensive treated with an ACE inhibitor Renal function (%) Time (years)

Renoprotection: ACE inhibitors vs. other antihypertensives Calcium antagonistsACE inhibitors Diuretics and/or  - blockers Urinary protein Mean systemic blood pressure 0–10–20–30–40–50 Decrease from baseline (%) Böhlen L et al. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 84S–92S

ACE inhibitors are renoprotective  Patients with type 2 diabetes  Patients with type 1 diabetes  Non-diabetic patients with nephropathy  Non-diabetic patients with hypertension and nephropathy  Non-diabetic hypertensive patients without pre-existing nephropathy ACE inhibitors have demonstrated renoprotective potential in:

ACE inhibition: Renoprotection in type 2 diabetes Initial value of reciprocal creatinine (%) Treatment (years) Ravid M et al. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 286–289 ACE inhibitor (years 1–5) and placebo (years 6 and 7) ACE inhibitor (years 1–7) Placebo (years 1–5) and ACE inhibitor (years 6 and 7) Placebo (years 1–7)

ACE inhibition: Renoprotection in type 1 diabetes Placebo Captopril Died or needed dialysis or transplantation (%) Follow-up (years) Placebon= Captopriln= Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456–1462 p=0.006

ACE inhibition: Renoprotection in non-diabetic nephropathy Patients not reaching an endpoint (%) Treatment (years) Adapted from Maschio G et al. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 939–945 Placebo Benazepril

ACE inhibition: Renoprotection in hypertension and nephropathy Hannedouche T et al. Br Med J 1994; 309: 833–837 Log rank test p<0.05 Treatment (months) Placebo ACE inhibitor Cumulative survival rate (%)

ACE inhibition: Renoprotection in hypertensive patients Time (months) –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 Decrease in GFR (ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) Himmelmann A et al. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 850–853 ACE inhibitor  -blocker

Dosing of different ACE inhibitors depending on renal function Sica DA. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20(Suppl 10): S13–S20

Microalbuminuria: Prevalence and predictive power in non-diabetics  Non-diabetics  Prevalence: 25–40% (depending on level of antihypertensive control)  Predictive value for the development of nephropathy: Thought to be lower than in diabetic patients Bigazzi R et al. Nephron 1992; 61: 94–97 Ljungman S. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 956–960

ACE inhibitors are renoprotective  Patients with type 2 diabetes  Patients with type 1 diabetes  Non-diabetic patients with nephropathy  Non-diabetic patients with hypertension and nephropathy  Non-diabetic hypertensive patients without pre-existing nephropathy ACE inhibitors have demonstrated renoprotective potential in:

ACE inhibition: Renoprotection in type 1 diabetes Placebo Captopril Died or needed dialysis or transplantation (%) Follow-up (years) Placebon= Captopriln= Lewis EJ et al. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456–1462 p=0.006

ACE inhibition: Renoprotection in hypertension and nephropathy Hannedouche T et al. Br Med J 1994; 309: 833–837 Log rank test p<0.05 Treatment (months) Placebo ACE inhibitor Cumulative survival rate (%)

Correlation between beneficial renal effects and albuminuria Controls ACE inhibitors –0.4 –0.8 Change in GFR (ml/min/1.73 m 2 /month) Baseline albuminuria (mg/day) 300 Lebovitz HE et al. Kidney Int 1994; 45(Suppl 45): S150–S155 * *p=0.02 vs. controls

Dosing of different ACE inhibitors depending on renal function Sica DA. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20(Suppl 10): S13–S20

Simplifying antihypertensive treatment in the presence of renal failure ACE inhibitors are the only antihypertensives with established renoprotective potential Hypertension accelerates the decline in GFR and many hypertensive patients have some degree of renal impairment If you consider treatment with an ACE inhibitor, consider dual and compensatory elimination If some degree of renal dysfunction is found, consider treatment with an ACE inhibitor Measure renal function Consider that the patient may have renal impairment If a patient presents with hypertension WHY?