©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Audit Planning and Analytical Procedures Chapter 8

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley 與本章有關我國之審計準則公報 審計準則公報第 47 號 財務報表審計之規劃 審計準則公報第 17 號 繼任會計師與前任會 計師間之聯繫 審計準則公報第 50 號 分析性程序 審計準則公報第 27 號 審計委任書 審計準則公報第 37 號 對受查事業之瞭解

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Learning Objective 1 Discuss why adequate audit planning is essential.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Three Main Reasons for Planning 1.To obtain sufficient appropriate evidencefor the circumstances: is essential if the CPA firm to minimize legal liability and maintain a good reputation in the business community. 2.To help keep audit costs reasonable helps the firm remain competitive. 3.To avoid misunderstanding with the client is necessary for good client relations and for facilitating high-quality work at reasonable cost.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Risk Terms  Acceptable audit risk is a measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualifed opinion has been issued.  Inherent risk is a measure of the auditor’s assessment of the likelihood that there are material misstatements in an account balance before considering the effectiveness of internal control.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Planning an Audit and Designing an Audit Approach 1.Accept client and perform initial audit planning. 2.Understand the client’s business and industry. 3.Assess client business risk. 4.Perform preliminary analytical procedures.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Planning an Audit and Designing an Audit Approach 5.Set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk. 6.Understand internal control and assess control risk. 7.Gather information to assess fraud risks. 8.Develop overall audit plan and audit program.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Learning Objective 2 Make client acceptance decisions and perform initial audit planning.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Initial Audit Planning 1. Client acceptance and continuance 2. Identify client’s reasons for audit 3. Obtain an understanding with the client 4. Develop overall audit strategy

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Client Acceptance and Continuance New Client Investigation AU315-the new (successor) auditor is required by auditing standards - 審計準則公報第 17 號 繼任會計師與前任會計師間 之聯繫 Continuing Clients Under the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct rules on independence,…unpaid fees,… previous conflicts,…client lacks integrity

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Identify client’s reasons for audit 3.Obtain an understanding with the client -Auditing standards (AU311) require that auditors document their understanding with the client in an engagement letter. 審計準則公報第 27 號 審計委任書 - 審計準則公報第 27 號 審計委任書 Develop overall audit strategy -Select Staff for Engagement -Evaluate Need for Outside Specialists

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Learning Objective 3 Gain an understanding of the client’s business and industry.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Understanding of the Client’s Business and Industry Factors that have increased the importance of understanding the client’s business and industry:  Global operations  Information technology  Human capital

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Understanding of the Client’s Business and Industry Industry and external environment Business operations and processes Management and governance Objectives and strategies Measurement and performance Understand client’s business and industry

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Industry and External Environment Reasons for obtaining an understanding of the client’s industry and external environment: 1.Risks associated with specific industries 2.Inherent risks common to all clients in certain industries 3.Unique accounting requirements

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Business Operations and Processes Factors the auditor should understand:  Major sources of revenue  Key customers and suppliers  Sources of financing  Information about related parties

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Tour the Plant and Offices By viewing the physical facilities, the auditor can asses physical safeguards over assets and interpret accounting data related to assets.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Identify Related Parties A related party is defined as an affiliated company, a principal owner of the client company, or any other party with which the client deals, where one of the parties can influence the management or policies of the other.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Management and Governance Management establishes the strategies and processes followed by the client’s business. Governance includes the client’s organizational structure, as well as the activities of the board of directors and the audit committee.  Corporate charter and bylaws  Meeting minutes  Code of ethics

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Code of Ethics In response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the SEC now requires each public company to disclose whether is has adopted a code of ethics that applies to senior management. The SEC also requires companies to disclose amendments and waivers to the code of ethics.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Client Objectives and Strategies Strategies are approaches followed by the entity to achieve organizational objectives. Auditors should understand client objectives.  Effectiveness and efficiency of operations  Financial reporting reliability  Compliance with laws and regulations

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Measurement and Performance The client’s performance measurement system includes key performance indicators. Examples:  market share  sales per employee  unit sales growth  Web site visitors  same-store sales  sales/square foot Performance measurement includes ratio analysis and benchmarking against key competitors.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Learning Objective 4 Assess client business risk. 重要說明列示於 figure 8-4( 下面投影片說明 )

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Assess Client Business Risk Client business risk is the risk that the client will fail to achieve its objectives.  What is the auditor’s primary concern?  Material misstatements in the financial statements due to client business risk

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Client’s Business, Risk, and Risk of Material Misstatement Understand client’s business and industry Industry and external environment Business operations and processes Management and governance Objectives and strategies Measurement and performance Assess client business risk Assess risk of material misstatements

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that management certify it has designed disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information about business risks is made known to them. It also requires that management certify it has informed the auditor and audit committee of any significant deficiencies in internal control.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Learning Objective 5 Perform preliminary analytical procedures.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Preliminary Analytical Procedures Comparison of client ratios to industry or competitor benchmarks provides an indication of the company’s performance. Preliminary tests can reveal unusual changes in ratios.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Examples of Planning Analytical Procedures Liquidity activity ratio: Inventory turnover Ability to meet long-term obligations: Debt to equity Profitability ratio: Profit margin Short-term debt-paying ability: Current ratio ClientIndustry Selected Ratios

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Summary of the Parts of Auditing Planning A major purpose is to gain an understanding of the client’s business and industry.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Key Parts of Planning Accept client and perform initial planning  New client acceptance and continuance  Identify client’s reasons for audit  Obtain an understanding with client  Staff the engagement

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Key Parts of Planning Understand the client’s business and industry  Understand client’s industry and external environment  Understand client’s operations, strategies, and performance system

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Key Parts of Planning  Assess client business risk  Evaluate management controls affecting business risk  Assess risk of material misstatements

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Key Parts of Planning Perform preliminary analytical procedures

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Learning Objective 6 State the purposes of analytical procedures and the timing of each purpose.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Analytical Procedures 1.Required in the planning phase 2.Often done during the testing phase 3.Required during the completion phase AU 329 emphasizes the expectations developed by the auditor.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Timing and Purposes of Analytical Procedures (Required) Planning Phase Purpose Understand client’s industry and business Assess going concern Indicate possible misstatements (attention directing) Reduce detailed tests Testing Phase (Required) Completion Phase Primary purpose Secondary purpose Primary purpose Secondary purpose Primary purpose Primary purpose Secondary purpose Secondary purpose

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Learning Objective 7 Select the most appropriate analytical procedure from among the five major types.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Five Types of Analytical Procedures Compare client data with: 1.Industry data 2.Similar prior-period data 3.Client-determined expected results 4.Auditor-determined expected results 5.Expected results using nonfinancial data.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Compare Client and Industry Data Inventory turnover Gross margin26.3%26.4%27.3%26.2% ClientIndustry

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Compare Client Data with Similar Prior Period Data Net sales$143, $131, Cost of goods sold 103, , Gross profit$ 39, $ 36, Selling expense 14, , Administrative expense 17, , Other 1, , Earnings before taxes$ 5, $ 4, Income taxes 1, , Net income$ 3, $ 3, (000)Prelim. % of Net sales 2008 (000)Prelim. % of Net sales

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Learning Objective 8 Compute common financial ratios.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Common Financial Ratios  Short-term debt-paying ability  Liquidity activity ratios  Ability to meet long-term debt obligations  Profitability ratios

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Short-term Debt-paying Ability Current ratio Current assets Current liabilities = Cash ratio (Cash + Marketable securities) Current liabilities = Quick ratio (Cash + Marketable securities + Net accounts receivable) Current liabilities =

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Liquidity Activity Ratios Accounts receivable turnover Net sales Average gross receivables = Days to collect receivable 365 days Accounts receivable turnover = Inventory turnover Cost of goods sold Average inventory = Days to sell inventory 365 days Inventory turnover =

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Ability to Meet Long-term Debt Obligation Debt to equity Total liabilities Total equity = Times interest earned Operating income Interest expense =

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Profitability Ratios Earnings per share Net income Average common shares outstanding = Gross profit percent (Net sales – Cost of goods sold) Net sales = Profit margin Operating income Net sales =

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Profitability Ratios Return on common equity (Income before taxes – Preferred dividends) Average stockholders’ equity = Return on assets Income before taxes Average total assets =

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Summary of Analytical Procedures They involve the computation of ratios and other comparisons of recorded amounts to auditor expectations. They are used in planning to understand the client’s business and industry. They are used throughout the audit to identify possible misstatements, reduce detailed tests, and to assess going-concern issues.

©2010 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 13/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley End of Chapter 8