Consciousness Ongoing awareness of our own thoughts, sensation, feelings, and existence Normal consciousness Altered states of consciousness (ASC)

Stage 1 Very light sleep Alpha waves are replaced with random activity Hypnogogic images may appear Alert: Relaxed: Stage 1:

Stage 2 Sleep is deeper. Stage 2: Spindles appear in EEG

Stage 3 Sleep is deeper yet. Stage 3: Spindles disappear, delta waves appear

Stage 4 Very deep sleep Stage 4: Continuous delta waves Children produce growth hormone primarily in stages 3 & 4

REM Sleep Rapid eye movements EEG resembles waking pattern Dreaming occurs

Sleep Cycles Stage 4 Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1 Awake Hour of sleep

Sleep Disturbances Sleep Walking Nightmares/Night Terrors Sleep Talking Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea Insomnia SIDS REM Behavior Disorder

Dreaming What triggers particular dreams? Why do we dream? –Manifest content –Latent content –Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Controlling Consciousness Meditation Hypnosis

The Bottom Line Hypnosis may be no different from other forms of suggestion (but it makes great theater!)

Drugs and Alcohol: Substance Use and Abuse Substance abuse Tolerance Withdrawal symptoms

The Seven Symptoms of Substance Dependence 1.Tolerance 2.Withdrawal 3.Larger amounts of substance taken over a longer period of time than intended 4.Unsuccessful efforts or a persistent desire to decrease or control the substance use

The Seven Symptoms of Substance Dependence 5. A lot of time spent in obtaining the substance, using it, or recovering from its effects 6. Important work, social, or recreational activities are given up as a result of the substance 7. Despite knowledge of recurrent or ongoing physical or psychological problems caused or exacerbated by the substance, substance use continues

Depressants: Focus on Alcohol Physiological effects of alcohol –Disinhibition Psychological effects of alcohol –Inhibitory conflict –Alcohol myopia

Depressants: Focus on Alcohol Chronic abuse –Blackouts –Korsakoff’s syndrome Other depressants –Barbiturates

Stimulants: Focus on Cocaine Crack Other stimulants –Amphetamines –Caffeine –Nicotine

Action of Amphetamines on Neurotransmitters

Narcotic Analgesics: Focus on Heroin Narcotic analgesics –Heroin, morphine, codeine, Percodan, Demerol –Opiates

Hallucinogens: Focus on LSD Hallucinogens –Mescaline, peyote, psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencydlidine (PCP), Ketamine, marijuana A creativity boost? –Flashbacks