Progressivism, I. Social Crises A. Fruits of Industrialism B. Urban Life C. Class Warfare D. Inadequate Government II. Character of Progressive Movement A. New Middle Class B. Principles—public, science, investigation, efficiency III. Solutions A. Federal Action B. Local Reform IV. Problems with Progressivism A. Arrogance B. Paternalism/ Ethnocentricity

Industrialization Dangerous Machinery –Industrial Accidents –Disasters Boston Molasses Flood of 1919 Poverty –Urban Industrial Workers –Child Labor Corporate Power –Robber Barons

Urbanization

Health In 1900: –8, year- olds die annually –Odds of surviving to age five were only 75% Note prevalence of infectious diseases Selected Causes of Death in 1900 in Chicago

Urban Vice Saloons –8,000 bars in Chicago Prostitution –1,000 brothels –6,000 prostitutes –2,000 arrests –$60M in annual revenue Denver Brothel, 1895

Class Warfare Increasing union activity: –1897: 447,000 members, 1,110 disputes –1905: 2,022,300 members, 2,186 disputes  Chicago Teamsters’ strike of 1905 Leaders 

Weak National Government 1913: FG spends 2.5% of GNP (22.5% today) Few federal programs, regulations, or employees FG is smaller than some corporations Real Per Capita Expenditures, , in constant dollars

Political Machines Immigrant constituents –13 M people of foreign stock in Chicago –587,112 foreign born –Catholics from Germany, Ireland, Poland, Italy, and Bohemia

Laissez-Faire Courts use 14 th Am. to strike down state laws: –Protecting workers –Regulating business Lochner v. New York (1905) –Bakers 10 hour law

The New Middle Class Legal Education 1870: –28 law schools –1,600 students 1900: –100 law schools –13,000 students Illinois State Bar Association, Chicago 1909

Science and Expertise Chicago Sanitary Canal ( )—28 mi. canal linking the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River at Lockport, Illinois Reverse the flow of the Chicago River away from Lake Michigan in order to halt pollution of the lake waters by the city's sewage

Investigation Muckraking –Weekly Magazines –Investigative journalism Social Science –Study urban industrial conditions Work Accidents and the Law (1910) –Many journals founded between 1886 and 1910 Ida Tarbell Upton Sinclair Crystal Eastman

Efficiency Scientific Management –Time-Motion Study –Piece Work Gilbreth’s shaving experiment

The Progressive Presidents Elite, educated, and intellectual Extend federal power over business Conservative undercurrents-- race and class Teddy Roosevelt, Wm. H. Taft, Woodrow Wilson,

Controlling Corporations Populist Precursors –ICC Act (1887) –Sherman Act (1890) State Experiments –WI: Robert LaFollette Railroads –Elkins Act (1903) –Hepburn Act (1906) Interstate Commerce –FTC Act (1914) –Clayton Act (1914)

Lawmaking Workers (state laws) –Accident Insurance –Factory Inspection –Sixteen states limit women’s hours and wages Vice –Mann Act (1910) –Prohibition (1919) Political Reform –Election of Senators –Secret Ballot –Women’s Suffrage Conservation –National Parks Consumers –Pure Food and Drug Act

New Local Institutions Settlement Houses –private agencies offering relief, culture, and education Specialized Courts for juveniles, family disputes Jane Addams  Hull House

Basic Government City Charters Sewage and Water Reform –Bring water companies under public control Public Bath for Men in Chicago

Dark Side Ethnocentrism –Prohibition Racism –Segregation Eugenics –US mental hospitals perform 3,233 eugenic sterilizations between 1907 and 1921