Mughal South Asia Styles of Kingship & Administration

I. Mughal South Asia: Uzbekistan Timur Chingiz Khan Babur Humayun 1556 Akbar Aurangzeb Early modern polities Maharashtra British East India Company

II. Akbar: Religious Patronage Ulama Chishti Sufis non-Muslim religious teachers Sufi saints

From Akbar-Nama, a formal history of Akbar’s rule “When the capital was illumined by the return of the Imperial presence, the old regulations came again into operation, and the house of wisdom shone resplendent on Friday nights with the light of holy minds. … in that place of meeting the lamp was kindled to brighten the solitude of seclusion … and the merits of the philosophers of the colleges and monasteries were put to the test… Sufis, doctors, preachers, lawyers, Sunnis, Shii’as, Brahmans, Jains, Buddhists, Charvakas, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians and learned men of every belief were gathered together in the royal assembly… the disputations and contentions were long and heated.”

III. Sufi Tombs pilgrimage tours and state visits Nizammudin Auliya at Delhi high culture protective power Fatehpur Sikri Agra

IV. Akbar: Administration Creating-periphery ties Non-Muslim & Muslim high office holders Akbar’s marriage Punjab Land grants Land surveys and tax systems Zamindars Power on the move

V. The Challenge of Bengal Agriculture Maritime trade Center-periphery distance Army of dependencies

“… [the high-ranking regional administrator] received the Imperial commands to put aside his work of punishing the rebels of Bihar, and to devote his energies to the conquest of Bengal. By good fortune, the rebels of Bihar had been put to flight before the arrival of the Imperial forces. But the rainy season came on, and the campaign was deferred for that year. When the rains subsided, [the chosen noble military leaders] took their departure from Court. Officers were also sent bydifferent roads to all the chiefs of Illahabas, Oudh, and Bihar. In a short time a large force was collected … and was eager for the advance.”