TURFs and game theory: Potentials for colaboration in Chile Stefan Gelcich Centre for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity (CASEB). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

195 miles ARTISANFLEETARTISANFLEET I N D U S T R I A L & A R T I S A N C H I L E 5 miles BASIC MANAGEMENT RULES FOR ARTISANAL AND INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES IN CHILE:  Definition of Two Fleets: Artisan & Industrial, based on vessel size and gross tonnage  5 miles: Exclusive Zone for Artisan Fishers  Large TURFs pelagics  Territorial User Rights for Fisheries (TURFs),  Inshore coastal TURFs benthic resources Fishery and Aquaculture Law (1991) Industrial Artisan

CHILE, Fisheries Law (1991) defined 2 fleets Artisanal fleet (2006) Small boats: ca Medium boats (Lanchas): Artisanal fleet: Small and mid-scale maximum 18 meters and 50 tonnes gross register. Industrial fleet: Large scale, over 18 meters and 50 tonnes gross register. Flota Industrial (2006) Vessels: 223 Vessel holding capacity: m3

Industrial & Artisan Fleets 195 miles 20ºS 25ºS 30ºS 35ºS 40ºS 45ºS 50ºS 55ºS CHILECHILE Roman numerals = Administrative Regions of Chile (1) 5 miles Exclusive TURF Zone for the Artisan Fleet (ca km 2 ) = TURFs for Artisan Benthic Resources : Management & Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources, MEABRs; N=301; ca: 1100 km 2 (1) Territorial User Rights for the Artisan Fleet 5 miles I II III IV V RM X XI XII VI VII VIII IX Industrial & Artisan Fleets Chile: Spatial Zoning and Exclusive Fishery Rights for Artisan Fishers Large TURFs for Artisanal fishers: coastal offshore small pelagic species 1) Spatial Zoning and Exclusive Fishery Rights for Artisan Fishers 2) Within the most productive zones for small pelagic fish represent ~ 85 – 90% national landings SMALL-PELAGIC SPECIES (1) Anchovy: Engraulis ringens (2) Jack mackerel: Trachurus murphyi (39 S-American pilchard: Sardinops sagax (4) Chilean herring: Strangomera bentincki (5) Mackarel: Scomber japonicus

Total landings: stabilized at around 4- 5 million tons/yr ( ) Artisan Landings: MT (1991) – MT (2006). Artisan Holding capacity: 8000 – m3 Industrial Landings: Industrial Landings: MT(1994) – MT (2006) Industrial Holding capacity Industrial Holding capacity: – m3 CHILE: TOTAL FISHERY LANDING Artisan (includes algae) Total Industrial & Artisan Industrial OPEN ACCESS REGIME ▼ FAL Export Value ( US$ * 1000) Landing (metric tons*1000) The result of this spatial management instrument..…. - Tendency towards evenness in landings - Export Value increases - Decapitalization of industrial fleets. Quota New challenge is the assignation of quota for both sectors… Castilla in press

Potential for game theory… Artisanal fleet Industrial fleet 5 miles + Ocean (15 miles) Ocean (15 miles) - Biology (3 sp small pelagic: Anchovy, sardines, mackerel recruitment functions, M, No - Gear similarities - Economic data: Prices & Costs MAIN QUESTION: ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES Cooperative: Chose fishing effort for Artisanal and Industrial fleets so as to maximize joint profit Non-cooperative: What happens today? Value or indication of political leverage of these groups…

195 miles ARTISANFLEETARTISANFLEET I N D U S T R I A L & A R T I S A N C H I L E 5 miles Fishery and Aquaculture Law (1991) Industrial Artisan BASIC MANAGEMENT RULES FOR ARTISANAL AND INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES IN CHILE:  Definition of Two Fleets: Artisan & Industrial, based on vessel size and gross tonnage  5 miles: Exclusive Zone for Artisan Fishers  Large TURFs pelagics  Territorial User Rights for Fisheries (TURFs),  Inshore coastal TURFs benthic resources

195 miles ARTISANFISHERIESARTISANFISHERIES INDUSTRÍAL&ARTISANINDUSTRÍAL&ARTISAN C H I L E 5 miles Inner-Inshore (ca. less than 1 mile)  TURFs: Benthic Resources (diving)  Management & Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABRs)  Exclusive user rights to associations of fishers. 301 (1100 km 2 ) MEABRS Each: < 3- 4 km 2 Artisan fishers: over 60,000 Registered divers: over 13,000 N 100 m Caleta El Quisco 57 ha. ARTISAN FISHERY COVE MEABR Co- Mangement TAC per Association 40 sp managed

Policy change driven by Loco fishery Landings (ton) FISHERY CLOSURE Open access Co-management policy Domestic consumption Export phase Regulation problems TURFs policy Years

Year: 1976 As Year: 2003 Bs Individualistic Collective action

Fishers’ communities are self-organizing creating Management rules and regulations, including surveillance and punishment Duties and punishment sign

I II III IV V VI VII VIII X XI XII 0 IX Number of TURFs (2006) Total applications : 1031 Approved areas : 547 Fully operational: 301 Total surface: ~1023 km 2 Average size: 100 hec Number of MEABRs R E G I O N S TA : Total applicationsFO: TURFs (Fully operational) TA FO TA FO TA FO TA FO TA FO TA FO TA FO TA FO TA FO TA FO TA CHILE Subsecretaría de Pesca (2003). Áreas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos. Situación áreas de manejo 81% of total marine surface which has some degree of protection in Chile is TURFs

Landing (metric tons * 10 3 ) Price (US$ per ton exported) * 10 3 Landig (SERNAPESCA) Price (US$/ton) Open - Access Rights-based A EBDC Seem to be working …… Prices have gone up! Landings have stabilized close to pre-export phase levels

In addition…. u CPUE increasing u Environmental attitudes shifting u Behavioral change u Biodiversity conservation u Castilla & Gelcich 2008, Gelcich et al 2008a, Gelcich et al 2009, Gelcich et al 2008b Within small TURFs

195 miles C H I L E First 3 multiple use MPAs N FISHINGARTESANALFISHINGARTESANAL INDUSTRIALFiShinGINDUSTRIALFiShinG Concesions (Reserves) 5 miles Management and exploitation areas for benthic resources (MEABRs) N = 307 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? Coastal research stations A model: Joint conservation and management Unexpected…. MAP not at scale So, a look at the big picture.....

A lot of scope for interacions among players……… Many thanks…….