YPHI0002 - Culture, Value and the Meaning of Life Course web site: Lecture #2 Joe Lau Sept 2005.

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Presentation transcript:

YPHI Culture, Value and the Meaning of Life Course web site: Lecture #2 Joe Lau Sept 2005

Two questions What is the purpose of life? What is the purpose of life? Is there a creator? Is there a creator? How to live a valuable life? How to live a valuable life? Where do values come from? Where do values come from? Which values should we accept? Which values should we accept?

Facts vs. values Judgment of Fact A hit B. A hit B. Judgment of Value It is wrong / right for A to hit B. It is wrong / right for A to hit B. It is a good / bad thing that A hit B. It is a good / bad thing that A hit B. A should / should not hit B. A should / should not hit B.Quiz “Many people think that abortion is wrong.” “Many people think that abortion is wrong.”

The fact-value gap Facts by themselves are not sufficient to entail claims about values. “Homosexuality / cloning is unnatural.” “Homosexuality / cloning is wrong.” “Many people don’t like X.” “X is morally wrong.” “There is no morality because everybody is selfish.”

Do values depend on God? “If God does not exist, then there are no standards for right and wrong. Different people would have different opinions about morality and there is no way to decide who is correct.”

The divine command theory Values are given by God’s commands. What makes our lives valuable is that we live according to the commands of God.

“Doing X is good.” Two exclusive and exhaustive positions Doing X is good because God commands us to do X. So whatever God commands is good. God commands us to do X because X is good. So X is good for an independent reason.

The practical question Whether or not values come from God, we need to decide who the real God is. We need to make use of our value system to determine whether a purported God is morally perfect.

Moral relativism Nothing is objectively right or wrong, good or bad. Right or wrong is relative to X. Perspectives Perspectives Societies, traditions, cultures Societies, traditions, cultures Individuals Individuals

Bad argument for relativism There is widespread disagreement about morality. Every action is good in some way and bad in some other ways.

Are you a moral relativist? Try this test.

Relativism and contextualism Moral relativism “Right or wrong is a relative matter”. “Right or wrong is a relative matter”. Moral contextualism “Right or wrong depends on the situation.” “Right or wrong depends on the situation.” So it is possible that some moral questions do not have correct answers. So it is possible that some moral questions do not have correct answers.

Discussion Three kinds of objectivity. About facts There are more women than men here. There are more women than men here. About morality It is wrong to torture innocent babies just for fun. It is wrong to torture innocent babies just for fun. About art Mozart’s music is better than Britney Spear’s. Mozart’s music is better than Britney Spear’s.