© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

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Presentation transcript:

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e How Genes Work Genes on DNA are used to make RNA Transcription RNA is used to make proteins Translation © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Information Flow Transcription In the nucleus Translation In the cytoplasm Animation © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e RNA vs. DNA Both are linear nucleotide polymers RNA differs from DNA Single stranded Ribose instead of deoxyribose U base instead of T © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Encodes proteins Transfer RNA (tRNA) Aids translation Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Used to make ribosomes © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Transcription DNA information is copied into RNA Similar to replication with three differences: RNA polymerase is used instead of DNA polymerase Only genes are transcribed not the entire genome RNA is made instead of DNA © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Transcription RNA polymerase starts at promoter Its complex unwinds DNA It copies bases using complimentary base pairing (U v.s. T) Moves down one strand Stops at terminator © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Introns & Exons Eukaryotic cells have non-coding regions in genes (introns) Removed after transcription Exons are connected to produce the mature mRNA © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e The Genetic Code Translation of RNA 3 bases = 1 codon 1 codon = 1 amino acid © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e The Genetic Code Possible codons: 4 X 4 X 4 = 64 20 possible amino acids Most amino acids have more than 1 codon Degeneracy of the code Why many mutations are silent (make no protein change) Three codons code for no amino acid STOP codons © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Translation RNA sequence translated into protein sequence Genetic code used like a dictionary Ribosome Holds mRNA Links amino acids together © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e tRNA Two binding sites: Amino acid site Anticodon Matches the Amino acid with codon tRNA mRNA Serine Amino Acid attachment site Anticodon Codon © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Translation Ribosome holds mRNA tRNA binds to first codon AUG – start codon = methionine Second tRNA binds to next codon Amino acids are linked Move to next codon Animation © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e From Gene to Phenotype Genes are inherited as DNA DNA is transcribed into RNA RNA is translated into protein Proteins give the organism traits Mutations in DNA produce changes in traits © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Sickle Cell Anemia Gene for hemoglobin One base pair change Causes one amino acid change Sickle Cell phenotype © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Process Animation 13.1 The Flow of Genetic Information in a Eukaryotic Cell Macintosh Windows © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e

© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e Process Animation 13.3 Translation Macintosh Windows © 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e