Dr. Moshe Ran- Spread Spectrum 1 טכניקות בתקשורת מרחיבת סרט (Spread Spectrum) Chapter 1c ד"ר משה רן מצגת זו תכלול כנראה דיון של הקהל, אשר יביא ליצירת פריטי.

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Dr. Moshe Ran- Spread Spectrum 1 טכניקות בתקשורת מרחיבת סרט (Spread Spectrum) Chapter 1c ד"ר משה רן מצגת זו תכלול כנראה דיון של הקהל, אשר יביא ליצירת פריטי פעולה. השתמש ב- PowerPoint כדי לעקוב אחר פריטי פעולה אלה במהלך המצגת. בהצגת שקופיות, לחץ באמצעות לחצן העכבר הימני. בחר באפשרות “מפקח הישיבות”. בחר בכרטיסיה “פריטי פעולה”. הקלד את פריטי הפעולה כאשר הם מופיעים. לחץ על אישור כדי להסיר תיבה זו. פעולה זו תיצור אוטומטית שקופיות לפריטי פעולה בסוף המצגת, והנקודות שהעלית יוזנו בתוכה. כל הזכויות שמורות לחברת MostlyTek Ltd. אין לצלם, לשכפל או להעתיק בכל צורה שהיא ללא קבלת אישור בכתב מד"ר משה רן

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 2 נושאי לימוד פרק 1 מבוא הסטורי לטכניקות Spread Spectrum הרחבת ספקטרום – לשם מה? חזרה- מושגי יסוד ועקרונות של מערכות תקשורת ספרתיות; רעשים והפרעות במערכות תקשורת, דרישות מערכתיות על התקשורת, השוואת שיטות אפנון ספרתיות, יעילות ספקטרלית. פרק 2 מבוא למערכות מרחיבות סרט (Spread Spectrum) - : קונספט ומודלים למערכות מרחיבות סרט; שיטות הרחבת סרט המבוססות על הרחבה ישירה DS)) דילוגים בזמן TH) ) דילוגים בתדר (FH) פרק 3 סדרות קוד למערכות מרחיבות סרט - LFSR, Gold Sequence, Walsh פרק 4 ביצועים של מערכות עם הרחבת סרט ישירה (DS); ביצועים של מערכות עם דילוגי תדר (FH) ; שיטות גילוי, עקיבה וסנכרון של אותות Spread Spectrum פרק 5 קודים לתיקון שגיאות, ביצועים של מערכות Spread Spectrum עם קודים לתיקון שגיאות, אלגוריתם Viterbi פרק 6 עקרונות CDMA בתקשורת תאית פרק 7 שימושים ואפליקציות של מערכות Spread Spectrum 8 שו"ת 4 שו"ת

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 3 עקרונות בתקשורת ספרתית – חזרה על מושגי יסוד 1. יצוג עוטפת קומפלקסית (complex envelope) לאותות 2.תהליכים של סנכרון בזמן ובפאזה 3.שיטות גילוי (דטקציה) של אותות מאופננים- קוהרנטיות, לא קוהרנטיות, הפרשיות (דפרנציאליות)

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Complex Envelope Notation: Real bandpass ( “ bp ”, “ RF ” ) signal The complex envelope is a baseband (bb) signal describes uniquely the modulation The bp signal is obtained from the complex envelope:

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 5 Summary Notes: The complex envelope is “ bb ” waveform and is sometimes denoted by g(t) following COUCH textbook notations. “ complex envelope ” notations is most useful tool for simulating and evaluating the performance of “ bp signals ”

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Complex Envelope in the Fourier Domain The Fourier transform of respectively.

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 7 ספקטרום של עוטפת קומפלקסית של אות x(t) ספקטרום של אות מאופנן ניתן לתאור באופן מלא מתוך העוטפת הקומפלקסית שלו

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum PSD – Power Spectral densities relations Theorem:

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 9 Complex envelope Low frequency equivalent Baseband signal הטרמינולוגיה לאות בפס בסיס, בצורה שקולה... מעשית – בבדיקת ביצועים של מערכות תקשורת – נוח לבצע סימולציה ברמת פס בסיס. העיוותים בדרגות ההמרה מפס-בסיס לאות RF, חוסר אידיאליות של מרכיבי עיבוד האות ב RF (או IF) ניתנים במקרים רבים לתיאור שקול בפס – בסיס, וגם לתיקונים מתאימים.

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum RF to Baseband Conversion Notation: RF in (real signal) BB out (complex envelope)

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Baseband to RF Conversion Notation Re RF out (real signal)

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Bandpass System Representation =

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 13 Equivalent Complex envelope equivalent representation =

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 14 IF\RF Filtering IF\RF Envelope Detector bb Envelope Detector 1.7 IF or RF versus Baseband Processing Envelope Detector bb Filtering

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 15 Quadrature Detector Envelope Detector Center frequency dependency of complex envelope RF/IF BB

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Synchronization Processes Time Synchronization Phase Synchronization RF/IF Synchronization Baseband Phase Synchronization

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Time and Phase Synchronization The transmitted complex envelope is : The transmitted RF signal is The received RF signal is Where is white additive noise, is an unknown delay and is an unknown phase. The received complex envelope is

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum phase Synchronization According to the way the phase is treated by the receiver there are three main types of detection: Coherent. The phase is estimated and corrected before the detection process. Non-coherent. The phase is considered constant during the detection decision interval (usually of one symbol). Differential. The phase is considered constant during the detection of two symbols or more.

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum RF/IF Phase Synchronization RF/IF closed Loop Phase Correction To Detector Phase Error Estimation Lock Indication תהליך גילוי /תיקון הפאזה נעשה בחוג סגור עם מעגל LO

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Baseband Phase Synchronization Baseband Closed Loop Estimation and Correction Baseband Open Loop Phase Estimation and Correction To Detector Phase Error Estimation Lock Indication To Detector Phase Error Estimation Lock Indication

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Detection Techniques Coherent Detection Coherent Detection of Antipodal signal Non coherent Detection Differential detection Baseband Implementation – discussion RF\IF implementation – discussion Differential Decoding – Coherent Detection Correlation Receiver Probability of error of Binary Modulation and Decoding Schemes

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Coherent Detection (baseband matched filters) Received signal is Where is AWGN r(t), s 1 (t) s 0 (t) are complex envelope functions in general. Compare Coherent receiver – bb complex detection process t=T

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 23 matched filters are real and only the real part of is containing the signal. Then the receiver is: Coherent receiver – bb real detection process RF in

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 24 For antipodal signal and only one matched filter is required. The received signal is When is real, the matched filter is real and only the real part- of is containing the signal. Then the receiver is: 3.2 Coherent Detection of Antipodal Signals Compare to 0

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Non-Coherent Detection The received signal is The non-coherent receiver may be implemented in bb or RF/IF Baseband Implementation Compare BB signal in

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 26 Non-Coherent Detection RF or IF Implementation Compare Is a square law envelope detector

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Differential Detection Assume Differential Encoding: Where is related to the binary Received signal a) Receiver-Baseband Implementation if (No phase reversal) (phase reversal) Compare to 0 - delay *

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 28 Details of Differential Detection: a) Receiver Baseband Implementation (cont.) The comparator gives the following conditions

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 29 Differential Detection: b) Receiver-RF/IF Implementation Compare to 0 - delay

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 30 Differential Detection : RF/IF Implementation (cont.) After LPF the double frequency term vanishes and assuming We obtain: At The comparator gives the following condition

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum ) Coherent Detection + Differential Decoding An error is caused when is erroneous and is correct If the probability of symbol error is then the probability of bit error is given by: - delay Coherent Detector

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Correlation Receivers All the receivers shown so far are Matched Filter Receivers. To obtain the equivalent Correlation Receivers to the following replacement may be used. Correlation Receiver Matched filter receiver

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Probability of Error of Binary Modulation and Decoding Schemed a) Coherent detection of equal energy signals where is the symbol energy is the correlation coefficient:. and is the spectral one sided noise density

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 34 For and

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum 35 Probability of Error of Binary Modulation and Decoding Schemes (cont.) b. Non-coherent detection of equal energy orthogonal signals c. Differential detection of antipodal signals d. Differential decoding of coherently detected antipodal signals where

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Probability of Error of Binary Modulation and Decoding Schemes required to obtain a Probability of error. In the last column of the table is given the difference between Differential detection and for coherent or between non-coherent and coherent detection of orthogonal signals. Coherent Antipodal Differential Decoding Coherent Orthogonal Non-Coherent Orthogonal

Dr. Moshe Ran / Spread Spectrum Conclusions on the Probability of Error Comparison of Binary Modulation and Decoding Schemes a.The best performance are given by the coherent detection of antipodal modulation. The complexity is high in this case. b.Differential detection reduction the complexity with a degradation acceptable in many cases. c.Orthogonal modulation with coherent detection has the highest complexity with 3dB degradation. d.Non-coherent detection of orthogonal modulation is simple to implement with 3dB degradation relative to differential detection and 4 to 5dB degradation relative to coherent antipodal scheme.