Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 The UCD Nuclear Physics Group Daniel Cebra Goal of this talk - to introduce the nuclear physics group and.

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Presentation transcript:

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 The UCD Nuclear Physics Group Daniel Cebra Goal of this talk - to introduce the nuclear physics group and explain what we do and why it is interesting PS… Check out our web page at

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Meet the Group FACULTY: Jim Draper (emeritus) Paul Brady Daniel Cebra Ramona Vogt Daniel Ferenc STAFF: Juan Romero Tom Gutierrez GRAD STUDENTS: Mike Anderson (2001) Jenn Klay (2001) Ian Johnson (2002) Agusta Loftsdottir Clay Bratton UNDERGRADS: Stephenie Ritchey Mark Allen Allen Thoe Stephen Baumgarten Come visit us on the fifth floor - WEST end

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Recent Graduates Mike Heffner (2000) Postdoc LLNL Tom Gutierrez (2000) Postdoc UCD Bill Caskey (1999) Z-World, Davis CA Lynn Wood (1998) Z-World, Davis CA Jerry Chance (1997) Postdoc LBNL Doug Mayo (1997) Staff Scientist LANL Jason Dunn (1997) Professor - Idaho Christian Isaac Huang (1997) FunMail.com Jack Osbourn (1995) Professor - Sac State Jessica Kintner (1995) Professor - St. Mary’s

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 What Do We Do?

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Cosmic Gamma Ray Astronomy Ferenc, Bratton, Loftsdottir

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Abstract of Research Goals The study of collisions between relativistic nuclei will ultimately allow the determination of the properties of nuclear matter over a wide range of temperatures and densities. Without the possibility of direct studies of nuclear matter in bulk (as in neutron stars, supernovae, or the Big Bang), one resorts to the challenging studies of finite and transient systems as provided by nucleus- nucleus collisions. Our experiments search for signatures of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), a phase of matter which dominated the early stages of the Big Bang.

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Basics Hadrons = Made of quarks Baryon = 3 q meson = q q p = uud n = udd  + = ud K+ = us

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Goals of Relativistic Heavy Ions To study the properties of nuclear matter. Specifically to study the Quark- gluon plasma Allows a better understanding of the earliest phase of the universe.

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Nuclear Matter Phase Diagram Baryon Density Temperature

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 How to make a Quark-Gluon Plasma Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that heavy nuclei collided at ultra relatavistic energies will undergo a phase transition from ordinary hadronic matter to a quark-gluon plasma (QGP).

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 History of the Rel. Heavy-ion Program Bevalac, AGeV AGS, 2-10 AGeV 86-00? SPS, AGeV 91 RHIC approved 00 Colliding beams at RHIC, 130Gev

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Status of the AGS/SPS Results AGS exps track the Hot Hadron gas region Feb ‘00 - Press release on the observation of QGM at SPS

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 The Start of RHIC - Summer 00

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar1 07-Mar-01 Brief History of the RHIC Project 1947 BNL founded 1952 Cosmotron 1960 AGS 1970 Tandem 1979 ISABELLE 1983 CBA canceled 1983 RHIC proposed 1991 RHIC approved 1992 STAR approved 1999 First Beams 2000 First collisions

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 The STAR Experiment - Plans

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 STAR - Under Construction

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 The Detector Now...

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 The FIRST Event!

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 STAR - peripheral event - Front Tracks emerge from common vertex point Grazing collisions produce few tracks Magnetic field bends trajectories into helices - allows measure of momentum Particle ID through gas dE/dx

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 STAR - peripheral event - side Determines the z location of the vertex emission angles of the tracks. Demonstrate true 3D tracking

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 STAR Event - Front View Central events have much higher multiplicity of tracks. Up to 2000 charged particles in the TPC’s accpectance

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 STAR Event -- Side View

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 STAR Calibration and Analysis Spatial resolution 700  Tracking - better then 90% efficiency dE/dx resolution = 8% momentum resolution better than 1%  K p e

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Spectra Temperatures are measured in the range expected for a QGP transition Suggestive result, but further analysis is needed

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 How we “see” Strangeness See Strange Hadrons –kaon (u or d and s) –lambda (uds) –Omega (sss) –etc... Distinguishing Decay Topologies –V0 –kink V0 vertex kink

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Centrality: Participants vs. Spectators “Spectators” Zero-degree Calorimeter “Spectators” Many things scale with N part : Transverse Energy Particle Multiplicity Particle Spectra “Participants” Only ZDCs measure N part The collision geometry (i.e. the impact parameter) determines the number of nucleons that participate in the collision Produced Particles

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Z ero D egree C alo as centrality device Only shared detector – –Rates: luminosity via well-known reference process – –Timing: substantial background rejection – –Pulse height: measures centrality Directly confirms monotonic relationship between participants with multiplicity

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 d  /dN vs N Comparison to cascade models demonstrates to collective behavior of nuclear systems Used to determine centrality of collisions

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Shapes of dN ch /d  for different N part   dN ch /d  (dN ch /d  )/(½N part ) dN ch /d  Data HIJING (dN ch /d  )/(½N part ) Mean N part %% Data

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 dN/d  Higher multiplicity than comparable p+p collisions indicates collective nature. Impressive agreement between the exps STAR PHENIX BRAHMS

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Source Radii The expected expansion of the outward radius is not seen. Transition may be at lower energy or more subtle. PHENIX

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Hydrodynamic Flow - Defined Radial flow – –Not seen in angular distributions – –Use HBT, spectra (T = T o + m Directed flow – –Forward rapidities – –Not measured yet PHOBOS/STAR – –Interesting predictions for phase transition… Elliptic flow – –Early time push, hydrodynamic evolution – –Strongest at y=0

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Hydrodynamic Flow - Results The RQMD cascade can not account for the observed flow. Collective behavior is demonstrated.

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Hydrodynamic Flow - Results Hydrodynamic model V2V2 Centrality midrapidity : |h| < 1.0 SPS AGS Preliminary RQMD

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Conclusions Summer ‘00 Heavy-ion running was successful - physics results already. But the QGP question is not yet resolved. RHIC should run heavy-ions for 6 months in ‘01 (also 1 month of proton running). Detectors Continue to improve (5-10 years). Future: eRHIC Future: LHC

Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 Compact Muon Solenoid

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Daniel Cebra - Physics 295 Seminar 07-Mar-01 APS - join Now All active physicists should join APS Students memberships a very reasonable Go to meetings, give talks! California Section - next meeting will likely be in Davis

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