Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)

Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion Concepts & Theories I’m Hungry I think I’m in love. You’re so emotional. What’s it all mean?

Concepts & Theories

I’m Hungry

I think I’m in love.

You’re so emotional.

What’s it all mean?

1. According to ____, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming. A) instinct theories B) Darwinian theories C) innate theories D) activation theories A) instinct theories B) Darwinian theories C) innate theories D) activation theories

2. Drive theories explain motivation by stressing our biological need to sustain: A) a state of biological need. B) drive equilibrium. C) homeostasis. D) fixed action patterns. A) a state of biological need. B) drive equilibrium. C) homeostasis. D) fixed action patterns.

3. ____ is to “push,” as ____ is to “pull.” A) Drive; incentive B) Instinct; drive C) Arousal; homeostasis D) Incentive; motivation A) Drive; incentive B) Instinct; drive C) Arousal; homeostasis D) Incentive; motivation

4.People are often motivated to do things in an effort to “seek out” stimulation. This observation is explained by the ___ theory. A) incentive B) drive C) attention D) arousal A) incentive B) drive C) attention D) arousal

5. According to Abraham Maslow, some of our motivation must be attributable to: A) meeting our basic psychological needs first. B) our desire to be the best we can be. C) wish fulfillment of our wants. D) sensation seeking. A) meeting our basic psychological needs first. B) our desire to be the best we can be. C) wish fulfillment of our wants. D) sensation seeking.

6. Over time, most people experience ____, where the number of calories consumed matches the number of calories expended. A) baseline body weight B) energy balance C) homogeneity D) satiation A) baseline body weight B) energy balance C) homogeneity D) satiation

7. After eating, there is a decline in the positive incentive value of specific foods you are eating. This is called: A) positive incentive value. B) negative reinforcement. C) sensory-specific satiety. D) energy homeostasis. A) positive incentive value. B) negative reinforcement. C) sensory-specific satiety. D) energy homeostasis.

8. Increased brain levels of neuropeptide Y has the effect of: A) triggering eating behavior. B) increasing body metabolism. C) reducing fat storage. D) increasing levels of leptin. A) triggering eating behavior. B) increasing body metabolism. C) reducing fat storage. D) increasing levels of leptin.

9. People with ___ experience extreme episodes of binge eating, followed by purging through laxatives or enemas. A) anorexia nervosa B) binge-purge disorder C) bulimia nervosa D) weight cycling A) anorexia nervosa B) binge-purge disorder C) bulimia nervosa D) weight cycling

10. Four key features define anorexia nervosa and include all of the following, except the anorexic: A) is intensely afraid of gaining weight. B) has a distorted perception of his/her body. C) refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight. D) recognizes he/she has an eating disorder. A) is intensely afraid of gaining weight. B) has a distorted perception of his/her body. C) refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight. D) recognizes he/she has an eating disorder.

11. Evolutionary psychologists would argue that men seek mates who ____ and women seek mates who ____. A) are attractive; are intelligent. B) are attractive; are strong. C) are feminine; masculine. D) are young; are wealthy. A) are attractive; are intelligent. B) are attractive; are strong. C) are feminine; masculine. D) are young; are wealthy.

12. After orgasm, the male experiences the typical response of: A) sexual orientation. B) refractory period. C) excitement. D) a nap. A) sexual orientation. B) refractory period. C) excitement. D) a nap.

13. According to scientific studies on sexual orientation, homosexuality in males: A) is established in childhood and remains fixed. B) could possibly be changed if they wished to. C) occurs as the result of an unpleasant heterosexual experience. D) occurs after “recruitment” by other gay males in their teens. A) is established in childhood and remains fixed. B) could possibly be changed if they wished to. C) occurs as the result of an unpleasant heterosexual experience. D) occurs after “recruitment” by other gay males in their teens.

14. According to the National Health and Social Life Survey: A) receiving oral sex was the most preferred sexual activity. B) more than half the people had sex with two or more partners in the past year. C) the vast majority of people had either one or no sexual partners in the past year. D) most married people are dissatisfied with their sexual relationships. A) receiving oral sex was the most preferred sexual activity. B) more than half the people had sex with two or more partners in the past year. C) the vast majority of people had either one or no sexual partners in the past year. D) most married people are dissatisfied with their sexual relationships.

15. Sexual problems are most common among: A) homosexuals. B) older women and younger men. C) young women and older men. D) married men and women. A) homosexuals. B) older women and younger men. C) young women and older men. D) married men and women.

16. For most artists, the motivation to create is not fueled by wealth. They engage in art because they enjoy it and find it challenging. They are driven by: A) biological drive. B) intrinsic motivation. C) extrinsic motivation. D) instinctual drive. A) biological drive. B) intrinsic motivation. C) extrinsic motivation. D) instinctual drive.

17. When you are faced with a threatening stimulus, there is a “shortcut” neural pathway from the: A) hypothalamus to the amygdala. B) amygdala to the cerebral cortex. C) hypothalamus to the medulla. D) thalamus to the amygdala. A) hypothalamus to the amygdala. B) amygdala to the cerebral cortex. C) hypothalamus to the medulla. D) thalamus to the amygdala.

18. Bandura believed that our motivation for achievement is related to our appraisal of our ability to succeed and called it: A) cognitive-mediational theory. B) self-efficacy. C) faith-in-self hypothesis. D) emotional intelligence. A) cognitive-mediational theory. B) self-efficacy. C) faith-in-self hypothesis. D) emotional intelligence.

19. According to the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion: A) our emotional response is determined by its personal meaning to us. B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label. C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes. D) none of the above. A) our emotional response is determined by its personal meaning to us. B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label. C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes. D) none of the above.

20. When Steven held a pen in his teeth, the comic strip he was reading seemed funnier to him. This was explained by the facial feedback hypothesis, which supports: A) the two-factor theory. B) the cognitive-mediational theory. C) the James-Lange theory. D) self-efficacy theory. A) the two-factor theory. B) the cognitive-mediational theory. C) the James-Lange theory. D) self-efficacy theory.

21. Bob says, “Women are so emotional. Men are calmer and have much more emotional control.” You point out that, in actuality: A) women experience more emotions than men. B) different cultures dictate how men and women differ in handling emotion. C) women more easily express their emotions. D) all of the above are true. A) women experience more emotions than men. B) different cultures dictate how men and women differ in handling emotion. C) women more easily express their emotions. D) all of the above are true.

22. The idea that behavior is motivated by an internal biological need is a(n) ___ theory. A) instinct B) incentive C) drive D) humanistic A) instinct B) incentive C) drive D) humanistic

23. Seeing the clock approach 12 noon can trigger our appetite as a result of: A) operant conditioning. B) ghrelin, the hunger hormone. C) CCK hormone. D) classical conditioning. A) operant conditioning. B) ghrelin, the hunger hormone. C) CCK hormone. D) classical conditioning.

24: Mark has a domineering mother and a weak, passive father. Based on research, it is likely that Mark: A) will become homosexual. B) could have any sexual orientation. C) could definitely be bisexual. D) will likely be abusive in sexual relationships. A) will become homosexual. B) could have any sexual orientation. C) could definitely be bisexual. D) will likely be abusive in sexual relationships.

25. Emotion is a complex psychological response that involves three distinct components: A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response. B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis. C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation. D) arousal, action, and reflection. A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response. B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis. C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation. D) arousal, action, and reflection.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. According to ____, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming. A) instinct theories B) Darwinian theories C) innate theories D) activation theories A) instinct theories B) Darwinian theories C) innate theories D) activation theories 299

2. Drive theories explain motivation by stressing our biological need to sustain: A) a state of biological need. B) drive equilibrium. C) homeostasis. D) fixed action patterns. A) a state of biological need. B) drive equilibrium. C) homeostasis. D) fixed action patterns. 300

3. ____ is to “push,” as ____ is to “pull.” A) Drive; incentive B) Instinct; drive C) Arousal; homeostasis D) Incentive; motivation A) Drive; incentive B) Instinct; drive C) Arousal; homeostasis D) Incentive; motivation 301

4.People are often motivated to do things in an effort to “seek out” stimulation. This observation is explained by the ___ theory. A) incentive B) drive C) attention D) arousal A) incentive B) drive C) attention D) arousal 301

5. According to Abraham Maslow, some of our motivation must be attributable to: A) meeting our basic psychological needs first. B) our desire to be the best we can be. C) wish fulfillment of our wants. D) sensation seeking. A) meeting our basic psychological needs first. B) our desire to be the best we can be. C) wish fulfillment of our wants. D) sensation seeking. 302

6. Over time, most people experience ____, where the number of calories consumed matches the number of calories expended. A) baseline body weight B) energy balance C) homogeneity D) satiation A) baseline body weight B) energy balance C) homogeneity D) satiation 303

7. After eating, there is a decline in the positive incentive value of specific foods you are eating. This is called: A) positive incentive value. B) negative reinforcement. C) sensory-specific satiety. D) energy homeostasis. A) positive incentive value. B) negative reinforcement. C) sensory-specific satiety. D) energy homeostasis. 305

8. Increased brain levels of neuropeptide Y has the effect of: A) triggering eating behavior. B) increasing body metabolism. C) reducing fat storage. D) increasing levels of leptin. A) triggering eating behavior. B) increasing body metabolism. C) reducing fat storage. D) increasing levels of leptin. 306

9. People with ___ experience extreme episodes of binge eating, followed by purging through laxatives or enemas. A) anorexia nervosa B) binge-purge disorder C) bulimia nervosa D) weight cycling A) anorexia nervosa B) binge-purge disorder C) bulimia nervosa D) weight cycling 311

10. Four key features define anorexia nervosa and include all of the following, except the anorexic: A) is intensely afraid of gaining weight. B) has a distorted perception of his/her body. C) refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight. D) recognizes he/she has an eating disorder. A) is intensely afraid of gaining weight. B) has a distorted perception of his/her body. C) refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight. D) recognizes he/she has an eating disorder. 311

11. Evolutionary psychologists would argue that men seek mates who ____ and women seek mates who ____. A) are attractive; are intelligent. B) are attractive; are strong. C) are feminine; masculine. D) are young; are wealthy. A) are attractive; are intelligent. B) are attractive; are strong. C) are feminine; masculine. D) are young; are wealthy. 314

12. After orgasm, the male experiences the typical response of: A) sexual orientation. B) refractory period. C) excitement. D) a nap. A) sexual orientation. B) refractory period. C) excitement. D) a nap. 315

13. According to scientific studies on sexual orientation, homosexuality in males: A) is established in childhood and remains fixed. B) can possibly be changed if they wished to. C) occurs as the result of an unpleasant heterosexual experience. D) occurs after “recruitment” by other gay males in their teens. A) is established in childhood and remains fixed. B) can possibly be changed if they wished to. C) occurs as the result of an unpleasant heterosexual experience. D) occurs after “recruitment” by other gay males in their teens. 318

14. According to the National Health and Social Life Survey: A) receiving oral sex was the most preferred sexual activity. B) more than half the people had sex with two or more partners in the past year. C) the vast majority of people had either one or no sexual partners in the past year. D) most married people are dissatisfied with their sexual relationships. A) receiving oral sex was the most preferred sexual activity. B) more than half the people had sex with two or more partners in the past year. C) the vast majority of people had either one or no sexual partners in the past year. D) most married people are dissatisfied with their sexual relationships. 320

15. Sexual problems are most common among: A) homosexuals. B) older women and younger men. C) young women and older men. D) married men and women. A) homosexuals. B) older women and younger men. C) young women and older men. D) married men and women. 322

16. For most artists, the motivation to create is not fueled by wealth. They engage in art because they enjoy it and find it challenging. They are driven by: A) biological drive. B) intrinsic motivation. C) extrinsic motivation. D) instinctual drive. A) biological drive. B) intrinsic motivation. C) extrinsic motivation. D) instinctual drive. 325

17. When you are faced with a threatening stimulus, there is a “shortcut” neural pathway from the: A) hypothalamus to the amygdala. B) amygdala to the cerebral cortex. C) hypothalamus to the medulla. D) thalamus to the amygdala. A) hypothalamus to the amygdala. B) amygdala to the cerebral cortex. C) hypothalamus to the medulla. D) thalamus to the amygdala. 333

18. Bandura believed that our motivation for achievement is related to our appraisal of our ability to succeed and called it: A) cognitive-mediational theory. B) self-efficacy. C) faith-in-self hypothesis. D) emotional intelligence. A) cognitive-mediational theory. B) self-efficacy. C) faith-in-self hypothesis. D) emotional intelligence. 343

19. According to the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion: A) our emotional response is determined by its personal meaning to us. B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label. C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes. D) none of the above. A) our emotional response is determined by its personal meaning to us. B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label. C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes. D) none of the above. 341

20. When Steven held a pen in his teeth, the comic strip he was reading seemed funnier to him. This was explained by the facial feedback hypothesis, which supports: A) the two-factor theory. B) the cognitive-mediational theory. C) the James-Lange theory. D) self-efficacy theory. A) the two-factor theory. B) the cognitive-mediational theory. C) the James-Lange theory. D) self-efficacy theory. 340

21. Bob says, “Women are so emotional. Men are calmer and have much more emotional control.” You point out that, in actuality: A) women experience more emotions than men. B) different cultures dictate how men and women differ in handling emotion. C) women more easily express their emotions. D) all of the above are true. A) women experience more emotions than men. B) different cultures dictate how men and women differ in handling emotion. C) women more easily express their emotions. D) all of the above are true. 329

22. The idea that behavior is motivated by an internal biological need is a(n) ___ theory. A) instinct B) incentive C) drive D) humanistic A) instinct B) incentive C) drive D) humanistic 300

23. Seeing the clock approach 12 noon can trigger our appetite as a result of: A) operant conditioning. B) ghrelin, the hunger hormone. C) CCK hormone. D) classical conditioning. A) operant conditioning. B) ghrelin, the hunger hormone. C) CCK hormone. D) classical conditioning. 305

24: Mark has a domineering mother and weak, passive father. Based on research, it is likely that Mark: A) will become homosexual. B) could have any sexual orientation. C) could definitely be bisexual. D) will likely be abusive in sexual relationships. A) will become homosexual. B) could have any sexual orientation. C) could definitely be bisexual. D) will likely be abusive in sexual relationships. 317

25. Emotion is a complex psychological response that involves three distinct components: A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response. B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis. C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation. D) arousal, action, and reflection. A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response. B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis. C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation. D) arousal, action, and reflection. 327

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Worth Publishers, 2007 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Worth Publishers, 2007

Answers—Chapter 8 1.A 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.A 20.C 21.C 22.C 23.D 24.B 25.A