Academic Writing (V): Relative Clause

※ Definition: R Clause functions as an R Clause functions as an adjective and modifies a adjective and modifies a noun or a pronoun. noun or a pronoun. Also called adjective Also called adjective clauses. clauses.

※ A relative clause begins with a Relative Pronoun and Adverb:

※ Position of Relative Clauses: Place a relative clause after its antecedent and as close to it as possible to avoid confusion. Ex. He left the gift in his friend’s car that he had just bought. just bought. (Occasionally, a prepositional phrase comes between the antecedent and the RC) Ex. Try writing a sentence of your own that contains a relative clause. contains a relative clause.

※ Verb Agreement in Relative Clauses: Ex. People who work part-time usually receive no benefits. usually receive no benefits.

※ Punctuation of Relative Clauses: (restrictive and nonrestrictive) (Whether or not the added clause affects the meaning of the entire sentence.) R: necessary because it identifies its antecedent for the reader. for the reader. The professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two years ago. N: not necessary to identify its antecedent; merely offers additional information. merely offers additional information. Professor Jones, who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two years ago.

※ Relative Pronouns as subjects: Subject Pattern Relative Clauses

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※ Test Yourselves: (determine the importance of the given information) 1. John Fish explained the complex structure of DNA. He is a research chemist. chemist. 2. While he lectured, he showed us a slide. The slide diagrammed the double helix structure of DNA. double helix structure of DNA. 3. Words in English are often difficult for foreigners to pronounce. They begin with the consonants th. begin with the consonants th. 4. Foreigners also have difficulty with English spelling. English spelling is not always consistent with its pronunciation. not always consistent with its pronunciation. 5. Anyone must have a logical mind. He or she wants to be a computer programmer. programmer. 6. Fans quickly lose interest in a sports team. The team loses game after game. game.

※ Relative Pronouns as Objects:

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※ Test Yourselves: 1. Albert Einstein was a high school dropout. The world recognizes him as a genius. him as a genius. 2. As a young boy, Einstein had trouble in elementary and high school. He attended these schools in Germany. school. He attended these schools in Germany. 3. He did poorly in subjects. He disliked them. 4. The only subjects were mathematics and physics. He loved them. 5. He developed theories. We use theories to help us understand the nature of the universe. the nature of the universe. 6. Einstein is best known for his General Theory of Relativity. He began to develop this theory while living in Switzerland. began to develop this theory while living in Switzerland.

※ Possessive Relative Clauses:

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※ Test Yourselves: 1. First National Bank tries to attract female customers. The bank’s president is a woman. customers. The bank’s president is a woman. 2. Companies conduct market research to discover trends among consumers. discover trends among consumers. Consumers’ tastes change rapidly. Consumers’ tastes change rapidly. 3. A manufacturer can offer lower prices. Its costs are lower because of mass production. costs are lower because of mass production.

※ Possessive Relative Clause as the Object Pattern

※ Test Yourselves: Ex. Maya Angelou, whose poetry we have been reading in our English class, is one of America’s most famous in our English class, is one of America’s most famous female poets. female poets. 1. William Shakespeare lived and wrote 400 years ago. High school students struggle to understand his High school students struggle to understand his English. English. 2. Nike is a sporting goods company. Most people recognize the company’s “swoosh” symbol. recognize the company’s “swoosh” symbol. 3. The actress has starred in several films. I can’t remember her name. remember her name.

※ Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions: (Formal: prepositions comes before the relative pronoun; vice versa)

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※ Test Yourselves: 1. Finding reasonably priced housing in big cities is a problem. Many young People are concerned about the problem. People are concerned about the problem. 2. Affordable apartments are scarce. Young people would like to live in them. them. 3. Of course, many young people share apartments, but they have to choose roommates carefully. They will share living space and expenses choose roommates carefully. They will share living space and expenses with these roommates. with these roommates. 4. In many countries, young people continue to live with their parents in the same house. They grew up in that house. same house. They grew up in that house. 5. In the United States, young people don’t want to live with their parents. They typically declare their independence from their parents at age They typically declare their independence from their parents at age eighteen. eighteen.

※ Relative Pronouns in Phrases of Quantity and Quality Quantity: some of which, one of whom, all of whom, each of which, etc. of whom, each of which, etc. Quality: the best of which, the most important of whom, the more important of whom, the more economical of which, the loveliest economical of which, the loveliest of which, etc. of which, etc. (They are always non-restrictive) (They are always non-restrictive)

※ Main Structure: The object always follows the preposition of.

※ More Examples

※ Test Yourselves: 1. There is a chain of islands in the Caribbean Sea. The most charming of the islands is Puerto Rico, “The Land Enchantment.” charming of the islands is Puerto Rico, “The Land Enchantment.” 2. Puerto Rico attracts thousands of visitors. Many of them come for the sunny weather, the beautiful beaches, and the Spanish the sunny weather, the beautiful beaches, and the Spanish atmosphere. atmosphere. 3. Puerto Rico’s economy is growing. The most important sector of the economy is clothing manufacturing. the economy is clothing manufacturing. 4. Puerto Ricans have strong ties to the United States. All of them are U.S. citizens. are U.S. citizens. 5. Puerto Rico has three political parties. One of them favors Puerto Rico’s becoming a state. Rico’s becoming a state.

※ Adverbial Relative Clauses: when & where; replace entire prepositional phrase, such as on Sunday or in the city.

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※ Test Yourselves: 1. Germany had been divided into two countries since it was defeated in World War II in since it was defeated in World War II in was the year. The Berlin Wall was torn down in that year. down in that year. 3. In 1990, Germany became one country again. East and West Germany were united in East and West Germany were united in There was anxiety in places. People fear losing their jobs in some places. losing their jobs in some places.

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