Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Bentley & Ziegler, TRADITIONS AND ENCOUNTERS, 2/e Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Today’s Big Questions From where did the ideas behind the great revolutions of the 18th century come? What were the similarities? What were the differences between these revolutions? What were the consequences of these revolutions?

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas Popular Sovereignty (Hobbes) Individual Freedom (Locke) Political and Legal Equality (Rousseau) Global Influence of Enlightenment Values

Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of a Revolution Every revolution begins with the problems of the Old Regime 1st stage = increasing dissatisfaction with the Old regime, spontaneous acts of protest and violence, overthrow 2nd stage = honeymoon with moderate new government 3rd stage = takeover of the extremists, loss of individualism, the government becomes violent and excessive 4th stage = reestablishment of some sort of equilibrium, rights, etc., usually under a “strongman”

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval The American Revolution Tightened British Control of the Colonies The Declaration of Independence Building an Independent State

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval The French Revolution The Estates General The National Assembly Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity The Convention The Directory

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval The Reign of Napoleon Napoleonic France Napoleon’s Empire The Fall of Napoleon

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World The Influence of Revolution The Haitian Revolution Saint-Domingue Society Slave Revolt Toussaint Louverture The Republic of Haiti

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World The Influence of Revolution Wars of Independence in Latin America Latin American Society Mexican Independence Simón Bolívar Brazilian Independence

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World The Influence of Revolution The Emergence of Ideologies: Conservatism and Liberalism Edmund Burke and Conservatism John Stuart Mill and Liberalism

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World The Influence of Revolution Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Slavery Movements to End the Slave Trade Movements to Abolish Slavery Freedom without Equality

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World The Influence of Revolution Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Women’s Rights Enlightenment Ideals and Women Women and Revolution Women’s Rights Movements

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World The Consolidation of National States in Europe Nations and Nationalism Cultural Nationalism

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World The Consolidation of National States in Europe Nations and Nationalism Cultural Nationalism Political Nationalism Nationalism and Anti-Semitism Zionism

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World The Consolidation of National States in Europe The Unification of Italy and Germany Cavour and Garibaldi Otto Von Bismarck

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Sources From The Past: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility.” - The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

Chapter Thirty: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Sources From The Past: The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen “Woman is born free and lives equal to man in her rights. Social distinctions can be based only on the common utility.” - The Declaration of Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

Today’s Big Questions The revolutions were to a large extent revolutions of both ideas and circumstance. However, the ideas were an extension of enlightenment thought The revolutions were NOT the same; indeed, one might question whether the revolution in the America’s was even that The impact of the revolutions were multiple. (a) In the countries in which they occurred, they conditioned politics for many years to come. (b) Externally, they bequeathed the notion of nationalism. (c) the revolutionary era also witnessed the birth of modern ideologies – conservatism and liberalism

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