Diet and Health Chapter 11

Cancer Facts  US men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk  US women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk  1,220,000 new malignant cancer cases in 2000  552,000 cancer deaths in 2000  Cancer the Top Killer for Those Under 85 – Jan 20, 2005

Cancer Trends JNCI, 1999   All cancer incidence declined by 2.2% -4.1% males -0.5% females USATODAY.com - Cancer deaths lowest in 7 decades USATODAY.com - Cancer deaths lowest in 7 decades

The Cancer Development Process  Initiation  Alterations in DNA  minutes - days  Causes: radiation chemical carcinogens viruses

The Cancer Development Process  Promotion  “locking” DNA alterations  failure of DNA repair mechanisms  months - years

The Cancer Development Process  Cancer Progression  Uncontrolled growth of cancer cells  malignancy and metastasis  weeks to years

Cancer Development

Diet and Cancer Development  Initiation  Dietary sources of carcinogens  aflatoxin mold from peanuts  benzopyrene from charbroiled meats  nitrosamine from cured meats  Protection phytochemicals antioxidants dietary fiber Alaska Journal of Commerce Online

Diet and Cancer Development  Promotion Fat and PUFA excess alcohol  Progression excess Fat and calories

Diet and Cancer ACS 2000  One third of cancer deaths in US is due to cigarette smoking  One third of cancer deaths in US is due to diet  5-10% of cancers are hereditary  NutraIngredients NutraIngredients

1999 ACS Dietary Guidelines  Choose most of the foods you eat from plant sources.  Five A Day  low in fat and calories  high in folic acid, vitamin C, beta-carotene  high in fiber  high in phytochemicals  ABC News: Turn to Tomatoes for Prostate Health ABC News: Turn to Tomatoes for Prostate Health  FOXNews.com - Health - Vitamin D May Lower Some Cancer Risk FOXNews.com - Health - Vitamin D May Lower Some Cancer Risk

Trends in Consumption of Recommended Vegetable and Fruit Servings (5 or more) for Cancer Prevention, Adults 18 and Older, US, * Includes fewer than 50 states and the District of Columbia. All other prevalences include the 50 states and District of Columbia. Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997, 1999, 2000, Prevalence (%) 1994*

Hypertension  Definition  Diastolic Blood Pressure > 90 mm Hg  Systolic Blood Pressure >140 mm Hg  Desirable < 120/80

Hypertension and Disease  Stroke 2/3rds with first stroke have HTN 7 times more likely than normal  Coronary heart disease 1/2 with first MI have HTN 3 times more likely than normal  End-stage Renal Failure  Blindness

Blood Pressure

Risk Factors  Age  Ethnicity  Family History  Obesity

Diet and Hypertension  Weight Loss  Moderate weight loss  Regular exercise

Diet and Hypertension  Alcohol < 1-2 servings per day >2 servings increases risk of HTN  Potassium fruits and vegetables  Fish Oils  Calcium  Calcium, Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center Calcium, Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center

Potassium  Found in both plant and animal  AI = 4700 mg/day  Good food sources  Functions Works with sodium Helps maintain lower BP Protective Effects of High Dietary Potassium: Nutritional and Metabolic Aspects -- Demigné et al. 134 (11): Journal of Nutrition Protective Effects of High Dietary Potassium: Nutritional and Metabolic Aspects -- Demigné et al. 134 (11): Journal of Nutrition