Organic Chemistry Chapter 2

Organic Functional Groups R – WHAT??? R – OH C – OH C – C – OH C – C – C – C – OH Ohh, I get it – They are all alcohols???

Naming Strait Chains

Substituents Halogen Substituents - F(Floro) Cl (Chloro) Br (Bromo) I (Iodo)

Naming Rules 1.Find the longest carbon chain 2.Circle the longest chain 3.Number the chain starting at the end with closest substituent 4.Name the substituents 5.Name the longest chain

Naming Tips When two or more substituents are on the same carbon, use the number twice. When two or more substituents are identical, use prefixes When two chains are the same length, use the one with the most substituents on it. If substituents are at equall distances from the ends of the chain, go to the next substituent. Iso and cyclo are included alphabetically, di, tri, tetra, sec, tert are not

Using Common Names The alkyl group followed by the name of the functional group CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH – pentyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2OH – propylalcohol Notice no space in propyl CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 – butyl amine

Degree Designation

Naming Cyclics Add the prefix cyclo to the name of the number of carbons If there are substituents, name them first with numbers producing the lowest value If the carbon chain has more carbons than the cyclic, name it as a substituent

Naming Ethers Name the two alkyl substituents in alphabetical order and then add either. If identical use di, tri,….. IUPAC – replace yl ending with oxy

Degree of alcohol

Naming Alcohols Longest chain should include the OH group Number chain giving the alcohol the lower number To name, replace e to ol

Degree of Amine

Naming Amines List the name of each alkyl group attached to the nitrogen and then add amine Name is written as one word For four groups attached to a nitrogen, use alkyl groups and then ammonium IUPAC – replace the e with amine N – designates the alkyl group is attached to the N and not a C

Naming Amines

Structure of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers and Amines Read through pages in book

Boiling Points The larger the molecular weight the greater the boiling point The greater the number of branches the lower the boiling point The greater number of electronegative atoms the higher the boiling point

Intermolecular Forces Hydrogen bond Attraction between molecules that have a Hydrogen connected to a F, O or N Very strong attractive force – breaks pipes in the winter Responsible for Surface Tension Dipole Force – Attraction due to different electronegativities Disperson, london, or van der Waals force Produced from temporary dipoles Read through section in book and be familiar

Surface Tension

Melting Points Melting points follow the same rules as boiling points with the addition of crystal packing. This makes them less predictable

Solubility The rough rule for organic solubility is that it takes one polar group for each 4 carbons to get it to dissolve in water

Rotation in Ethane

Rotation in Butane

Cyclohexane

Cis and Trans

Axial / Equatorial