GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY ELEMENTS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION MEASURING DISTANCE GPS MEASUREMENT ERRORS TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACY APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION GIS –It is a computerized information storage processing and retrieval system that has hardware and software especially designed to cope with geographical referenced spatial data

GIS Techniques to input geographical information converting the information to digital form Techniques for sorting information in a compact format on computer disk or digital storage media Can analyze, make measurements and find optimum sites or routes and a hosts of other tasks Can predict outcome of various scenarios, can display data in the form of maps, images etc

GPS HISTORY LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK IN 1957 TRANSIT SYSTEM IN 1960 F.O.C (Full Operational Capacity) IN JULY ICO NAVSTAR DESIGNED BY U.S DoD PRECISE LOCATION ACCURATE TIME

GPS ELEMENTS 1. SPACE SEGMENT 2. CONTROL SEGMENT 3. USER SEGMENT

SPACE SEGMENT 24 SATELLITES IN A CONSTELLATION OF 6 ORBITAL PLANES, EACH SATELLITE COMPLETES 1 REVOLUTION IN 12 HOURS 6 ORBITS INCLINED 55 DEGREES FROM THE EQUATOR 4 SATELLITES FOR 3-D POSITIONING This configuration provides for at least 4 equally spaced satellites within each of the orbital planes

CONTROL SEGMENT MONITOR STATIONS MASTER CONTROL STATION Frequency L1= MHz C/A code, L2= MHz P code

CONTROL SEGMENT

USER SEGMENT CONSISTS OF GPS RECEIVER,ANTENNA AND PROCESSOR SPS-STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE PPS-PRECISE POSITIONING SERVICE

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION TRILATERATION PRINCIPLE –A body cannot occupy 2 positions in space simultaneously 2-D TRILATERATION 3-D TRILATERATION

2-D TRILATERATION

3-D TRILATERATION

MEASURING DISTANCE SATELLITE AND THE RECEIVER GENERATE SAME PSEUDO- RANDOM CODES AT THE SAME TIME MEASURING HOW LONG THE SIGNAL TAKES TO REACH US MULTIPLY THE TRAVEL TIME BY THE SPEED OF LIGHT

GPS MEASUREMENT ERRORS CLOCK IONOSPHERE MULTIPATH

TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE ACCURACY DGPS –DIFFERENTIAL GPS WAAS –WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM

APPLICATION Environmental Management Data Representation –Vector method –Raster method Predict climate changes, outcome of various scenarios

APPLICATIONS  MILITARY APPLICATIONS  MISSILE GUIDANCE

AIR NAVIGATION MOST DIRECT ROUTES BETWEEN AIRPORTS

GPS IN COCKPIT.ACCURATE POSITION DATA

SEA NAVIGATION MORE ACCURATE MAPS: NAUTICAL & AERONAUTICAL MAPS

LAND NAVIGATION  GPS IN VEHICLES  MAPPING THE EARTH  SET YOUR WATCH

SURVEY  SURVEYING WITH GPS  SCIENCE IN THE FIELD

AGRICULTURE  GPS AND AGRICULTURE  YIELD MAP

CONCLUSION Satellite based navigational aid Guide by 24 satellites round the globe in 6 orbits 3D positioning and time Type of terrain and weather does not effect positioning Cheap and precise operating equipment Inherent error correction mode A variant of GPS, DGPS has already been introduced

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