Scientific Method Raise question Gather data

Scientific Method Raise question Gather data Form hypothesis Test and modify hypothesis

Peer-Reviewed Journals

Science “Magazines”

Scientific Method Scientific Theory Scientific Law “Le château des Pyrénées” (Castle in the Pyrenees) (1961)

“Stuff” of the Universe The Raw Materials for Planets, Rocks and Life

Matter & Energy

Phases of Matter Solid Gas Liquid Determined by temperature and pressure

Rock

Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Earth Living Things Biosphere

Atomic Structure What are atoms made of? ParticleCharge Weight (amu) Proton (p) +1 Electron (e) -~0 Neutron (n) 01

Atomic Structure

Silicon Atoms

Atomic Number = Number of Protons Importance of Protons

Elements Iron Carbon Gold

Periodic Table of the Elements

The most abundant element in the universe: Hydrogen Large Magellanic Cloud

Crust Whole Earth Oxygen(O)46.3 %29.5% Silicon (Si)28.2%15.2% Aluminum (Al)8.2%1.1% Iron (Fe)5.6%34.6% Calcium (Ca)4.1%1.1% Sodium (Na)2.4%0.6% Potassium (K)2.1%0.1% Magnesium (Mg)2.3%12.7% All others0.5%5.1% Abundance of the Elements (wt. %): Solid Earth

Abundance of the Elements (wt.%): Living Things Human AlfalfaBacteria Oxygen(O)62.8%77.9%73.7% Carbon (C)19.4%11.3%12.1% Hydrogen (H)9.3%8.7%9.9% Nitrogen (N)5.1%0.8%3.0% Phosphorous (P)0.6%0.7%0.6% Sulfur (S)0.6%0.1%0.3%

Atomic Weight = number of protons + neutrons Importance of Neutrons

Quiz - Lithium Atomic Number = Atomic Weight = 3 7

Isotopes

Importance of Electrons Atoms vs. Ions (atomic weight = 23) Charge = 0 X

Importance of Electrons Positive Ions (atomic weight = 23) Charge = +1 Sodium Ion 10e

Importance of Electrons Ions (atomic weight = 18) Charge = 0 Chlorine 9e 9p 9n (atomic number = 9)

Importance of Electrons Negative Ions (atomic weight = 18) Charge = -1 Chlorine Ion 10e 9p 9n (atomic number = 9)

Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Earth Living Things Biosphere

Bonding forms Compounds

Bonding and Crystalline Structure

Halite

Graphite

Atomic Particles Atoms (Elements) Compounds (Minerals, Organic Compounds) Rocks Earth Living Things Biosphere

Energy Sun - Tuesday, April 4, 2006 Types Kinetic Mechanical Electromagnetic Electricity Heat Potential Chemical

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Energy: Quality Low Quality High Quality (disorganized concentrated)

Rules of the Universe Conservation of Matter 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy) “You can’t thrown anything away” “You can’t get something for nothing” “In fact, you can’t even break even”

Earth: Open or Closed System?

Earth: Matter does not come and go Earth is a Closed System to Matter

Biogeochemical Cycles: Reservoirs & Pathways Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

Some Major Cycles of Matter Water Cycle Rock Cycle Chemical Cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur

Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere 1x (= 7.3x10 17 grams carbon) 3x 55x 35,000x

Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Photosynthesis Respiration& Decay

Carbon Transfer: Biosphere Atmosphere Photosynthesis (Atmosphere to Biosphere) Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight --> Sugar + Oxygen Respiration (Biosphere to Atmosphere) Sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Photosynthesis Respiration& Decay Burial & Lithification Weathering & Volcanism Dissolution Photosynthesis Burial & Lithification Exsolution

Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Human Impacts Burning fossil fuels: Increased combustion Deforestation: Decrease Photosynthesis Increase Respiration Net Effect: Increase in Carbon in Atmosphere

Earth: Earth constantly gains & loses energy Earth is a Open System to Energy Heat Sunlight

Earth: Open or Closed System? Mostly Open to Energy Mostly Closed to Matter