functions of respiratory system mechanisms of breathing the pleura……again pleurisy & pneumothorax CNS control of breathing the nose the pharynx the larynx and vocal cords lung anatomy trachea and bronchial tree alveoli and gas exchange COPD’s and lung cancer

Jess got stabbed in the chest and the knife went between his ribs and pierced his left lung. his lung collapsed – what does that mean? describe why the lung collapses and why. how do physicians treat a collapsed lung?

Nose & nasal cavity Pharynx = throat Larynx = voice box Trachea = windpipe Bronchi = airways Lungs Gas exchange Olfaction (smell) Filters & warms air produces sound

External intercostals = move ribs up & out Diaphragm contracts & flattens Inspiration & Expiration

Accessory breathing muscles: SCM, scalenes, pectoralis major & minor & serratus anterior Pectoralis minor

Pleura parietal & visceral pleural cavity pleurisy

Alveolar pressure decreases & air rushes in Alveolar pressure increases & air rushes out

What happens to the lungs when a hole is punctured into the pleural cavity? Pneumothorax = air in pleural cavity

E I

Upper respiratory tract - URI nose pharynx larynx pharynx larynx

External Nose Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage Lined with mucous membrane Openings = nostrils

superior middle inferior conchae Nasal cavity Olfactory nerve CN I

Pharyngeal tonsil Auditory tube Nasopharynx = air only nasal cavity to soft palate mucous membrane

Oropharynx = food and air soft palate to epiglottis (at level of hyoid bone Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil epiglottis

Laryngopharynx = food & air Hyoid bone Cricoid cartilage Esophagus larynx Oropharynx to opening of esophagus (parallel to cricoid cartilage) epiglottis & airway….

epiglottis Vestibular folds Corniculate cartilage adducted abducted

Fig. 23.4(TE Art) Epiglottic cartilage Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea Tracheal cartilage Epiglottis Arytenoid muscle Vocal cord Thyroid cartilage Hyoid bone MedialPosteriorAnterior Vestibular fold

Thyroid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Corniculate cartilage Vocal cords Posterior view Innervation: CN IX – swallowing CN X - speech

Hyoid Epiglottis Thyroid & cricoid cartilage Corniculate & arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Esophagus Vestbular folds Vocal cords Arytenoid cartilage Branches of CN X

Fig. 23.5

apex base Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure Cardiac impression superior middle Inf. Root of the lung Bronchi Pulmonary art Pulmonary veins

Fig. 23.7a(TE Art) Larynx Trachea Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi

Fig. 23.7c(TE Art) Smooth muscle Hyaline cartilage ring Mucosa Mucous gland Perichondrium

1o1o 2o2o 3o3o 3 o bronchiole (10/lung) Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveoli bronchi

bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveoli

Great alveolar cell Capillary endothelial cell Respiratory membrane Fluid with surfactant Lymphocyte Squamous alveolar cell Alveolar macrophage Respiratory distress syndrome

COPD’s Dyspnea 1.Asthma 2.Chronic bronchitis 3.Emphysema 4.Tuberculosis (TB)

Emphysema = increased elastase activity Bronchodilators Lung volume reduction surgery

Lung cancer small cell lung cancer or oat cell (20%) non-small cell lung cancer – squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, large-cell 5 year survival rate = 15%