4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 CuPIDO (Cumulus Photogrammetric, In-situ, and Doppler observations over Orography) a survey July-August 2006 Catalina Mountains, Arizona Bart Geerts and Rick Damiani, University of Wyoming Joseph Zehnder, Arizona State University Mike Leuthold and Robert Kursinski, University of Arizona Bill Brown, Tim Lim, Greg Poulos, and Steve Horst, NCAR Camera animations of cloud development can be found here.here For more recent animations, contact Joe Zehnder.Joe Zehnder

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 Rationale Cumulus convection –is the primary mechanism for the vertical transfer of heat, moisture and momentum; –operates at multiple scales and may transition from shallow to mediocre to deep convection; –is largely controlled by the environment (stability & shear profile), but also alters it (cold pool development, detrainment aloft); –in NWP models, cumulus parameterization is poorly coupled with BL parameterization, especially in complex terrain. An isolated mountain –serves as a natural laboratory for the study of cumulus initiation and evolution, –due to “predictable” anabatic flow.

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 Scientific Objectives Describe the initiation of shallow to deep convection and transition Broadly speaking, CuPIDO addresses several fronts of atmospheric research: fundamental cumulus dynamics cumulus-environment interaction surface fluxes and orographic circulations orographic forcing of cumulus

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/ m 2786 m 20 km

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 size comparison COPS „Natural convection laboratory“ area 270 x 150 km 2 Supersite CuPIDO area 40 x 40 km 2 ~1000 m from valley to mountain ~2000 m from valley to mountain

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 facilities University of Wyoming King Air & Cloud Radar Arizona State University Digital Cameras (2 stereopairs) University of Arizona: GPS water vapor U of A and NCAR & NOAA FSL: WRF modelling NCAR/EOL 10 ISFF/PAM stations 2 M-GAUS mobile radiosondes

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 Flight summary Number of flight hours: 60 Number of flights sampling transition from cloud-free to Cu congestus: 8 Number of flights sampling transition to deep convection: 7 Number of flight loops around the mountain, in the convective BL: 50

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 Orographic forcing of boundary layer flow: mass and moisture convergence Potential Temperature (°K) (aircraft track) Mixing Ratio (g/kg) (wind barbs) m AGL 800 m above valley, (643 m below top) 2214 m above valley, (270 m above top) 25 July 2006, 16:00-16:47 UTC (2:44-3:31 hrs after sunrise)

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 Orographic forcing of boundary layer flow: mass and moisture convergence Equivalent Potential Temperature (°K) Mixing Ratio (g/kg) 5 15 N↑ 25 July 2006, 16:00-16:47 UTC (2:44-3:31 hrs after sunrise)

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 cumulus development Successive shallow Cu developed, starting at 1735 UTC, and rapidly evolved into congestus two hours later 25 July UTC 25 July UTC

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 WCR antenna configurations Vertical Plane Dual-Doppler Horizontal Plane Dual-Doppler Vertical Plane Profiling

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 18 July :44:30 – 16:46:30 UTC18 July :48:15 – 16:50:15 UTC Shallow Cu transects droplet conc temperature vertical velocity density temp vertical velocity rel. hum. WCR vertical velocity WCR reflectivity wind

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 Scattering volume Airborne Dual-Doppler: Basic Concept Time lag:  t= sTime lag:  t= s Lifetime of physical features assumed greater than  tLifetime of physical features assumed greater than  t Plane of the beams determines the resolvable components of the velocity (Damiani and Haimov, 2006, IEEE TGARS, in review)

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 shallow Cu vertical plane dual-Doppler a section of a turret tilting against the main wind direction, located 1 km north of Mt. Lemmon. 18 July :03:30 – 18:04:20 UTC

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 same cloud, 6 min later horizontal-plane dual-Doppler

4 th COPS meeting, Hohenheim, 25/9/06 HPDD Vertical vorticity and entrainment patterns Divergence (thermal top?) 7200m MSL, 18 July :09:20 – 18:09:50 UTC