Ben Shneiderman Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD The Future of the Web: Visual, Social, Universal Ben Shneiderman Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education

User Interface Design Goals Z Z Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Z Z Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic

User Interface Design Goals Z Z Cognitively comprehensible: Consistent, predictable & controllable Z Z Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility NOT: Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic Consistent Predictable Controllable

Design Issues Z Z Input devices & strategies ] ] Keyboards, pointing devices, voice ] ] Direct manipulation ] ] Menus, forms, commands Z Z Output devices & formats ] ] Screens, windows, color, sound ] ] Text, tables, graphics ] ] Instructions, messages, help Z Z Collaboration & communities Z Z Manuals, tutorials, training hcibib.org usableweb.com

Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Z Specify users and tasks Z Predict and measure ] time to learn ] speed of performance ] rate of human errors  human retention over time  Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction 7.0, Z Accommodate individual differences Z Consider social, organizational & cultural context

U.S. Library of Congress Z Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Z Teachers, Students

Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Z Doctors Z Surgeons Z Researchers Z Students

NASA Environmental Data Z Scientists Z Farmers Z Land planners Z Students

U.S. Bureau of Census Z Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Z Teachers, Students

Web Design Strategies to Empower Users: Visual, Social, Universal

1) Visual Design Z Z Visual bandwidth is enormous ] ] Human perceptual skills are remarkable X X Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... X X Color, size, shape, proximity... ] ] Human image storage is fast and vast Z Z Opportunities ] ] Spatial layouts & coordination ] ] Information visualization ] ] Scientific visualization & simulation ] ] Telepresence & augmented reality ] ] Virtual environments Consistent Predictable Controllable

Treemap - view large trees with node values 4 Space filling 4 Space limited 4 Color coding 4 Size coding - Requires learning Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)

Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

Temporal Info Viz - LifeLines

LifeLines

2) Social Support: Concepts Z Z Online communities ] ] E-commerce customer service & consumer conversations ] ] Medical support groups & information exchange ] ] Educational discussions & teamwork ] ] Neighborhood forums & political organizing Z Z Technologies ] ] Synchronous text: Instant messaging, chat rooms ] ] Asynchronous text: Listservs, bulletin boards, newsgroups ] ] Audio,video, virtual realities

2) Social Support: Active Worlds

2) Social Support: Goals Z Z Supporting Sociability ] ] People: Target a population ] ] Purposes: Clearly state focus ] ] Policies: Make expectations explicit X X behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules Z Z Designing Usability ] ] Users: Know the users ] ] Tasks: Understand frequencies and sequences ] ] Systems: Choose seamless combinations of tools Online Communities: Supporting Sociability, Designing Usability Jenny Preece, John Wiley & Sons, June 2000 Consistent Predictable Controllable

Defining Trust Z Z Trust is the expectation that arises within a community of regular, honest, and cooperative behavior, based on commonly shared norms, on the part of the members of that community. - Francis Fukuyama, Trust, 1995 Z Z Trust indicates a positive belief about the perceived reliability of, dependability of, and confidence in a person, object, or process. - B. J. Fogg, CHI99

Person Organization Tool Process Defining Trust - Revised Z Z Trust is the positive expectation a person has for another person or organization that is based on past performance and truthful future guarantees Z Z People rely on tools or processes Person Trusts ` Truthful Future Guarantees Responsible Rely on

Internet Design Credo Empower individuals by clarifying responsibility Promote participation by ensuring trust

2) Social Support: Trust  Invite participation by ensuring trust ] ] Disclose patterns of past performance ] ] Provide references from past and current users ] ] Get certifications from third parties ] ] Make policies for privacy & security easy to find & read Z Z Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility ] ] Clarify each participant's responsibilities ] ] Provide clear guarantees with compensation   Describe dispute resolution and mediation services Communications of the ACM, Dec. 2000, Special Issue on Trust

On-Web Deception and Trust P.O. Box P.O. Box Bahamas Bahamas Make a Million in a Month We did it, you can too! Invest now! Type your credit card # _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ On the web since 1993 Approved by SEC Visit our 240 investment centers or online service assistants or call TRUSTED Over 80,000 customers - see their ratings and comments Read our Customer Protection and Privacy Policy Full money-back guarantee

3) Universal Usability Z Z Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Z Z User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, literacy, culture, income, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, light)... Z Z Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000 Consistent Predictable Controllable

Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access 1 to 100 range in processor speeds Pentium 1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display 30, ,000 3,840,000 pixels Software Versions Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms Device Independence Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,... 1 to 100 range in network bandwidth 9.6K 56K 10,000Kbps

Language & Culture Western, Eastern, developing... Personality Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion Locus of control Planful vs playful User diversity: Accommodate different users Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge Domain novice to expert Age Young to old Gender Male or Female Income Impoverished to wealthy Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive Disabling conditions Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight

Online help Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Design Layered Level-structured Task-oriented Training Fade-able scaffolding Training wheels Minimalist Online Learning (evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals, Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos Minimalist/Active Customer service Phone Help desks

Thomas Jefferson I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may...reach even the extremes of society: beggars and kings. -- Reply to American Philosophical Society, 1808

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