CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Issues in Policing CHAPTER 6

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ police stress on the job dangers use of deadly force public expectations surrounding the enforcement of laws societal change Contemporary Policing Issues and Challenges

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police have their own: customs laws morality Police Culture William Westly (1953)

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Working Personality: … All aspects of the traditional values and patterns of behavior evidenced by police officers who have been effectively socialized into the police subculture.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Characteristics of the police personality often extend to the personal lives of law enforcement officers. Working Personality

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Personality Authoritarian Dogmatic Individualistic Efficient Prejudiced Cynical Suspicious Insecure Honorable Conservative Hostile Loyal Secret

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corruption and Integrity

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Power, authority, and discretion produce great potential for abuse. Corruption and Integrity

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corruption: … the abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corruption: Grass Eaters … illegitimate activity which occurs from time to time in the normal course of police work. Most common form of corruption. Includes gratuities, playing favorites, intentional speeding, minor bribes etc.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corruption: Meat Eaters … active seeking of illicit money-making opportunities by officers. More serious form of corruption. Includes role malfeasance, major bribes…

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corruption: Meat Eaters protecting corrupt cops property crimes committed by police burglary theft criminal enterprises resale of confiscated drugs resale of stolen property

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Corruption: Meat Eaters denying civil rights specific acts prevent due process violent crimes committed by police physical abuse of suspects non-justifiable homicide

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Levels of Corruption

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Ethics: … the special responsibility to adhere to moral duty and obligation that is inherent in police work.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Integrity Promoting police integrity by: integrating police ethics training into programs conducting research in the area of ethics studying departments that are models in the area of police ethics

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Drug Testing of Police Employees National Institute of Justice Study: 33 large police departments were sampled almost all departments had written procedures to test employees who were reasonably suspected of drug abuse.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Drug Testing of Police Employees National Institute of Justice Study: 73% of the departments were testing recruits. 21% were considering testing all officers.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Dangers of Police Work Officer Deaths in 2001

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Risk of Disease AIDS Hepatitis B Tuberculosis Anthrax

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Risk of Disease Possible Ways of Transmission: from breath alcohol instruments handling evidence of all types handling implements such as staples emergency delivery of a baby risk of bite attacks by infected individuals body removal

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Stress/ Frustration in Police Work

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Stress is a normal component of police work. Police work ranks among the top ten stress-producing jobs in the United States. Stress

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Serious stress over long periods can be destructive and life threatening. Stress

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Stress Four Types external organizational personal operational

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Stress: External … real danger when answering calls. fights in progress possible gun play hostage situations high speed car chases

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Stress: Organizational … generated by factors like paperwork, training. requirements, and testifying in court.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Stress: Personal … interpersonal relationships among officers.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Stress: Operational … impact of the need to combat tragedies of daily urban life.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Reality is far from ideal. An arrest may not lead to conviction. Evidence may not be admissible. Jury may acquit. Sentences may not be long enough Stress / Frustration

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police become frustrated by the inability to be effective, regardless of the amount of personal effort they put forth. Stress / Frustration

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ The suicide rate for police officers is twice that of the general population. Stress / Frustration

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Limits on Use of Force

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Civil Liability Failure to protect property in police custody Negligence in the care of suspects in police custody Failure to render proper emergency medical assistance Failure to prevent a foreseeable crime Failure to aid private citizens Lack of due regard for the safety of others False arrest Major Sources:

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Civil Liability False imprisonment Inappropriate use of deadly force Unnecessary assault or battery Malicious prosecution Violations of constitutional rights Patterns of unfair and inequitable treatment Racial profiling Major Sources:

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Racial Profiling: … any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than [1] the behavior of an individual, or [2] on information that leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Lawsuits passed by Congress in 1871 allows for civil suits to be brought against anyone [including police] for denying others their constitutional rights to life, liberty or property without due process Title 42, Section 1983

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Police Use of Force: … use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Imminent Danger Standard: … restricts the use of deadly force to ONLY those situations where the lives of agents or others are in danger.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Threat and Use of Force During Arrests

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Type of Force Used During Arrests

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Private Protective Services

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Private Protective Services Nearly 2,000,000 people are estimated to be working in private security today. Types of private security services: company guards mall security bank guards executive protection

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Private Protective Services: … those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security-related services to specific clientele for a fee…

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Private Protective Services: … for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Private Security Services store/mall security school security nuclear facility security hospital security automated teller machine services railroad detectives loss prevention specialists computer/information security Types of Private Security Services:

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Private Security Services Security Bureau, Inc. Wackenhut Corp. Guardsmark, Inc. American Protective Services Globe Security

CRIMINAL JUSTICE A Brief Introduction, 5/E by Frank Schmalleger ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Private Security Services Wells Fargo Guard Services Advance Security, Inc. Pinkerton’s, Inc. Allied Security, Inc. Burns International Security Services