1 Sharing netLibrary e-Books Among the Academic Libraries in Taiwan Ellen F. Liu Professor, Graduate Institute of Library and Information Science, National Chung-Hsing University

2 Outline Introduction Related Literature Consortium Purchasing of e-Books in Taiwan Discussion

3 Introduction I – Higher Education System SY GeneralUniversities60 Colleges10 TechnologyUniversities29 Colleges46 Junior Colleges 17 Total162

4 Introduction II – Number of Students SY Univ. & Colleges938,648 Master Programs149,493 Ph.D. Programs27,531 Junior Colleges180,886 Total1,296,558

5 Introduction III – Number of Faculty & Staff SY (Source: Summary of Universities, Colleges, and Junior Colleges, SY ) SY Total Students & Staff in HE 1,406,429 Question: How many of these would use e-books? Probably less than 16%. FacultyFull-time47,317 Part-time41,601 Assistants2,284 Staff18,669 Total109,871

6 Introduction III – Number of Faculty & Staff SY (cont’d) If an estimate of 260,000 “Others”—non- degree students, alumni, retirees… is added, the academic libraries would serve an estimated total of 1,690,000 users. (Source: 2005 Library Yearbook) With this estimate, the percentage of potential e-book users would be even lower.

7 E-Book & Collection Development  Deliberations at the Turn of the New Millennium Publishing trends in e resources: databases, e-journals, e-books… Expenditures (from a survey of 159 libraries of HE in 2004) Printed Books37% Printed Journals35% AV5% E Resources22%

8 E-Book & Collection Development  Deliberations at the Turn of the New Millennium (cont’d) Collections of E Resources Manpower 135 libraries 1,696 staff Average 12.6 per lib Reading & Circulation Collections to Support Educational Programs, Research… Scholarly Communication vs. Leisure Reading English Books vs. Chinese Books TypesNo. of LibAverage SizeMax. Size E Journals1317,96863,632 Databases E Books1275,851311,965 Other E Resources ,783

9 Related Literature － Taiwan Early Experience of Tamkang University Library Purchased netLibrary 1,200 volumes in July 2000 Usage Statistics Reported: July 2000-Oct.11, 2001 Total Accesses 577 Subjects Accessed Most Business & Economics 92 Library Science 92 Literature 57 One observation: the netLibrary model, befitting consortium purchase, could augment shared resources. (Hwang & Li, 2001)

10 Related Literature － UK 2001 Londsdale & Armstrong: a slow acceptance of nearly all digital textual Resources other than journals 2003 Garrrod: netLibrary was the main supplier of ebooks to UK academic libraries. One factor affecting the take-up of ebooks in the UK was content and services have been developed by US companies for the US market.

11 Related Literature － Australia 2001Nelson—experience of Victoria Univ. in a pilot consortium subscription of CAVAL VU: 12 campuses, 50,000 students. 3,000 faculty & staff. Decided to select high-use items, 20 reserve titles with a match on netLibrary. CAVAL: a consortium of VU libraries and the State Lib of Victoria.

12 Related Literature － Australia (cont’d) Author noted : “ people prefer access to selection ” and VU’s selection would not represent a critical mass of content, a meaningful collection to choose from or deliver statistical use reports from. Number of titles Titles not used Total use- to-date Titles most used (economics) VC2043%40623% consortium 3039%361128%

13 Related Literature － US: Case Dillon, pt.1—Experience of Univ. of Texas at Austin E-Book Collections from netLibrary Amigos: a large network of 750 libraries mainly from five southern states TexShare: all Texas public and academic libraries UT System: 15 libraries ( 9 academic, 6 medical) Amigos 11,000 titles TexShare 5,000 titles9,000 vols UT System 5,300 titles

14 Related Literature － US: Case 1 (cont’d) Univ. of Texas at Austin E-book titles that have received at least one use Collection and user group% Titles in the global netLibrary collection which have been used by any library 77 Titles in the Amigo netLibrary collection used by any AMIGOS library 71 Titles in the statewide Texas State Library collection used by any library 54 Titles in the UT System netLibrary collection used by any UT System library 32 Titles in the Amigos netLibrary collection used by UT-Austin24 Titles in the UT system netLibrary collection used by UT-Austin15 （ Dillon pt.1, 2001 ）

15 Related Literature － US: Case Ramirez & Gyeszly—Experience of Texas A&M Univ *a committee selected 15 subject areas historically tended to have high circulation e-Book Collections Amigos10,000 TSLAC (Texas State Library & Archives Commission) 9,000 TAMU193* ( since Jan. 2001)

16 Related Literature － US: Case 2 (cont’d) Texas A&M Univ Authors noted : “ Surprisingly, the almost 200 specially selected e-books were not very heavily accessed by users. ” Also 9 of 15 subjects, 60% of selected categories, were never used during Feb.-May, Accesses Aug Jan.2001 (180 days) Feb.—May 2001 (90 days) 1,3563,128 (incl. 61 of TAMU collection) Total accesses4,484

17 Related Literature － US: Case Langston—Experience of Calf. State Univ. e-book Pilot Project Use by Collections (netLibrary) Size of the User Group: CSU in the fall of campuses, 388,700 students, 22,000 faculty Mar.-Dec.2001TitlesAccesses Purchased8218,244 (47%) Lease/Multi User7019,229 (53%) Total1,52217,473

18 Consortium Purchasing of E-Books in Taiwan TEBNET ( Taiwan E-Book Network)— initial organizational meetings began in Apr. 2001, started to share e-books in May 2002, gained formal approval as a cooperatoive on Sept.15, 2004.

19 Consortium Purchasing of E-Books in Taiwan (cont’d) Members by Type of HE Institutes Year Type Dec. 2002Dec. 2003Sept Univ College679 Jr. College011 Total213039

20 Usage of the First Shared Collection *Additional 3,007 free titles could be accessed. No. of LibE-Book TitlesE-Book Vols.Accesses May-Dec ,1567,128 15,272 Jan.-May ,1567,128 （ 9,283 ） 27,703 June-Dec ,59011,481 （ 18,420 ） Jan.-Sept ,59011,481 43,365 Total86,340 Accesses by All Members:

21 Usage of the First Shared Collection (cont’d) RankAccessesCum. % % % % % % % % % % % % 31 (TEBNET Consortium Collection) % Total86340 Accesses by Individual Libraries: May 2002—Sept. 2004

22 Usage of the First Shared Collection (cont’d) Accesses by Subjects: May 2002—Sept Accesses%No.of E-Books%Ratio of Use Business, Economics and Management % %75.87% Computers % %182.56% Technology, Engineering and Manufacturing % %200.70% Language and Linguistics % %154.39% Chemistry % %311.05% ---- History: World and General %640.60%46.57% Travel and Geography %770.73%37.43% Sports and Recreation %610.58%38.40% Sociology and Anthropology %500.47%44.65% History: United States500.06%350.33%17.52% Other %340.32%76.12% Total % %

23 Usage of the First Shared Collection (cont’d) * A “ratio of use” is calculated using the percentage of total access and the percentage of titles in a subject area. (Langston 2003) Ratio of UseAccesses%No.of E-Books % Chemistry311.05% % % Technology, Engineering and Manufacturing % % % Library Science and Publishing191.10% % % Biology and Life Sciences188.22% % % Computers182.56% % % ---- Travel and Geography37.43% %770.73% Political Science37.20% %920.87% Home Economics37.09% % % Religion33.84% % % History: United States17.52%500.06%350.33% Other76.12% %340.32% Total100.00% % % Accesses by Ratio of Use * : May 2002—Sept. 2004

24 Discussion 1. Shared Collections of e-Books −Consortium Purchase Through TEBNET −Usage of e-Books −University and Junior College Libraries 2. E-Books Supplied by netLibrary −Collection Policy and Selection Process −US Market Oriented −Barriers

25 Discussion (cont’d) 3. Statistics and Usage −Reliability −Usage of Print and e –Books −Subject Categories 4. A Critical Mass of E Content −Collection Size and Variations −A Critical Mass of Users −Quantities of Available e-books 5. Publishing e-Book

26 The End Thank You!