Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 1 Cisco Systems CCNA Version 3 Semester 1 Module 4

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 2

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 3 They repeat the same pattern at regular intervals. They occur naturally and change regularly over time. No two adjacent points on a graph have the same value.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 4 They repeat the same pattern at regular intervals. They repeat the flat pattern on both the top and bottom of the wave. They do not continuously vary with time.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 5 Nearby cables which carry data signals (xtalk) Radio frequency interference (RFI), which is noise from other signals being transmitted nearby Electromagnetic interference (EMI), which is noise from nearby sources such as motors and neon lights Laser noise at the transmitter or receiver of an optical signal (Not affected by electrical noise.)

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 6 Noise is added to the data signal.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 7 1.Differentiate between sine waves and square waves. 2.Define and calculate exponents and logarithms. 3.Define and calculate decibels. 4.Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and noise. 5.Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog bandwidth. 6.Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of cabling. 7.Define and describe the affects of attenuation and impedance mismatch. 8.Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk, and power sum near-end crosstalk. 9.Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce noise. 10.Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA- 568-B. 11.Describe the difference between Category 5 and Category 6 cable.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 8 Examples of analog bandwidth values are 3 kHz for telephony, 20 kHz for audible signals, 5 kHz for AM radio stations, and 200 MHz for FM radio stations. Digital bandwidth measures how much information can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time. Analog bandwidth refers to frequency range in Hz (cycles per second). Digital bandwidth measures speed of the transmission in bits per second.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 9 1.Differentiate between sine waves and square waves. 2.Define and calculate exponents and logarithms. 3.Define and calculate decibels. 4.Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and noise. 5.Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog bandwidth. 6.Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of cabling. 7.Define and describe the affects of attenuation and impedance mismatch. 8.Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk, and power sum near-end crosstalk. 9.Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce noise. 10.Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA- 568-B. 11.Describe the difference between Category 5 and Category 6 cable.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 10 braided conductive foil-screened

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 11 protect one pair of wires within the cable from noise generated by electrical signals on another pair of wires protect the data signal from external sources of noise eliminate signal loss by keeping the transmitted signal confined to the cable

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 12

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 13 light/no light increasing/decreasing light intensity Low attenuation No electrical interference

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 14 1.Differentiate between sine waves and square waves. 2.Define and calculate exponents and logarithms. 3.Define and calculate decibels. 4.Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and noise. 5.Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog bandwidth. 6.Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of cabling. 7.Define and describe the affects of attenuation and impedance mismatch. 8.Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk, and power sum near-end crosstalk. 9.Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce noise. 10.Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA- 568-B. 11.Describe the difference between Category 5 and Category 6 cable.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 15 long cable lengths defective connectors energy leaks through the insulation of the cable

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 16 The resistance of the copper cable converts some of the electrical energy of the signal to heat. Signal energy is also lost when it leaks through the insulation of the cable and by Impedance caused by defective connectors. Impedance is a measurement of the resistance of the cable to alternating current (AC) and is measured in ohms. The normal, or characteristic, impedance of a Cat5 cable is 100 ohms. If a connector is improperly installed on Cat5, it will have a different impedance value than the cable. This is called an impedance discontinuity or an impedance mismatch.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 17

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 18 1.Differentiate between sine waves and square waves. 2.Define and calculate exponents and logarithms. 3.Define and calculate decibels. 4.Define basic terminology related to time, frequency, and noise. 5.Differentiate between digital bandwidth and analog bandwidth. 6.Compare and contrast noise levels on various types of cabling. 7.Define and describe the affects of attenuation and impedance mismatch. 8.Define crosstalk, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk, and power sum near-end crosstalk. 9.Describe how crosstalk and twisted pairs help reduce noise. 10.Describe the ten copper cable tests defined in TIA/EIA- 568-B. 11.Describe the difference between Category 5 and Category 6 cable.

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 19 no electrical signals no generation of electromagnetic waves Fiber has no Xtalk Xtalk is another form of noise

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 20

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 21 CAT 5e & 6c

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 22

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 23 open short

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 24

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 25 Wire map Insertion loss Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) Power sum near-end crosstalk (PSNEXT) Equal-level far-end crosstalk (ELFEXT) Power sum equal-level far-end crosstalk (PSELFEXT) Return loss Propagation delay Cable length Delay skew Cable testing standards

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 26

Oct-03 ©Cisco Systems CCNA Semester 1 Version 3 Comp11 Mod4 – St. Lawrence College – Cornwall Campus, ON, Canada – Clark slide 27