Transmission of Information

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Presentation transcript:

Transmission of Information SUMMARY DNA REPLICATION mRNA TRANSCRIPTION protein ! TRANSLATION amino acids

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5vH4Q_tAkY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1UPf7lXeO8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJdAxuIA6QM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9dhO0iCLww

Transcription Copies the DNA code to mRNA DNA unwinds Only 1 strand is transcribed Complimentary base pairing of nucleotides C-G G-C T-A A-U This pairing forms the mRNA RNA polymerase helps form the new mRNA initiation signal - “start here” termination sequence - “stop synthesis”

Transcription Termination sequence mRNA 5’ mRNA 3’

Translation Translation occurs on the ribosomes Ribosome spheres dissociate into 2 parts Each “half” of ribosome is made of... rRNA polypetides (enzymes) 60S unit (larger piece of ribosome) 40S unit (smaller piece of ribosome)

Translation Translation occurs on the ribosomes mRNA is “stretched out” on ribosome Nucleotides on the mRNA are grouped into 3s to form: “CODONS” each CODON carries a 3 letter code to translate into an amino acid “Anticodons” on tRNA will match-up with the codons

Ribosome rRNA rRNA 60 S codons 3’ 5’ 40 S mRNA AUG GCU UUG mRNA 5’ 3’ rRNA 40 S AUG – School Starts in August

Genetic Code The Genetic Code Broken in 1961 by Marshall Nirenberg and coworkers Made poly-U mRNA and “fed” it to ribosomes The only peptide made was phenylalanine Therefore, UUU codes for Phe Each AA is coded for by a sequence of 3 nucleotides on mRNA = CODON

Translation 4 STAGES in Protein Synthesis: Activation Initiation Elongation Termination

Activation Each AA is activated by reacting with an ATP The activated AA is then attached to particular tRNA... (with the correct anticodon) activated AA C G A fMET anticodon

Elongation The new peptide is added on and the whole ribosome “translocates” or moves down one codon. A new “A site” is available for another AA to add.

Termination After the last translocation (the last codon is a STOP), no more AA are added. “Releasing factors” cleave the last AA from the tRNA The polypeptide is complete