Trace Elemental Composition and Concentration of Upstate New York Rainwater Samples Using the Union College Pelletron Particle Accelerator and Proton Induced.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Advertisements

Instrumental Chemistry
Ion beam Analysis Joele Mira from UWC and iThemba LABS Tinyiko Maluleke from US Supervisor: Dr. Alexander Kobzev Dr. Alexander Kobzev.
Determining the Valence State of Lead in Compounds Using PIXE Andrew Voter Nuclear group July 23, 2007.
X-Ray Astronomy Lab X-rays Why look for X-rays? –High temperatures –Atomic lines –Non-thermal processes X-ray detectors X-ray telescopes The Lab.
Professor: Scott M. LaBrake Course: Physics 300 – Spring 2013 Office: NWSE N308, N008b Phone: & 6562 Office Hours: MWF.
Saeedeh Ghaffari Nanofabrication Fall 2011 April 15 1.
An Introduction to Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) Steve Badger and Charity Wessel.
Spectroscopy Lecture 4 Ahmad Razali Bin Ishak Department of Environmental Health Faculty of Health Sciences UiTM Puncak Alam.
Calculations of Characteristic X Ray Energies and Wavelengths and the PIXE Spectrum Physics 100 – PIXE – F06.
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry
HL Chemistry - Option A: Modern Analytical Chemistry ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Spectrum Identification & Artifacts Peak Identification.
PIXE: Data Analysis What the data can (and cannot) tell us. Larry Lamm PIXE Seminar Winter 2008.
Methods and Tehniques in Surface Science Prof. Dumitru LUCA “Alexandru Ion Cuza” University, Iasi, Romania.
Study of sputtering on thin films due to ionic implantations F. C. Ceoni, M. A. Rizzutto, M. H. Tabacniks, N. Added, M. A. P. Carmignotto, C.C.P. Nunes,
Spectroscopy Chapter 7.
Portable X-Ray Fluorescence to Determine the Composition of Household Objects Katherine Spoth, mentor Peter Revesz August 13, 2010.
Introduction Radioactive nuclei decay in numerous ways: emitting electrons, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, gamma rays, x-rays, or some combination.
Low Temperature Photon Echo Measurements of Organic Dyes in Thin Polymer Films Richard Metzler ‘06, Eliza Blair ‘07, and Carl Grossman, Department of Physics.
A Pyro-Electric Crystal Particle Accelerator Chelsea L. Harris, Texas Southern University Dr. Rand Watson, Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute Pyroelectric.
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry
Cross section measurements for analysis of D and T in thicker films Liqun Shi Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, , People’s.
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis by Gergana Hristozova Project supervisor: s. eng. M. Gustova FLNR.
Seminar Author: Bojan Hiti Mentor: doc. dr. Matjaž Kavčič Determination of trace impurities on Si wafers with x-ray fluorescence.
Total X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TXRF) Contact: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), P.O. Box Nairobi, Kenya. Tel:
X-ray Diffraction Outline Crystals and Bragg Diffraction
Flame Photometry Flame atomic emission spectrometry
3. PROTON INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION Procedure of Spectrum Analysis
Electron-impact inner shell ionization cross section measurements for heavy element impurities in fusion reactors Jingjun Zhu Institute of Nuclear Science.
Physical and Chemical Tests 10-1 Purification: Chromatography Distillation Recrystallization Comparison to known compounds: Melting point Boiling point.
Construction of a Scattering Chamber for Ion-Beam Analysis of Environmental Materials in Undergraduate Physics Research Scott LaBrake, Michael Vineyard,
Honors Forensic Science.  Introduction  Organic substances constitute a substantial portion of physical evidence submitted to crime labs  Carbon does.
 How does the wavelength of a light beam and the size of a slit it is going through control the amount of diffraction? DO WORK STOP.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
6- PRENTICE HALL ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ CRIMINALISTICS An Introduction to Forensic Science, 9/E By Richard Saferstein.
Chapter 12 Atomic X-Ray Spectroscopy
HYDROGEN ATOM AND SPECTROSCOPY.. Energy Levels for the Hydrogen atom.
Lab 12 Atomic spectra and atomic structure
Chemistry 111 Periodic Trends.
Ion Beam Analysis Dolly Langa Physics Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa Blane Lomberg Physics Department, University of the Western Cape,
Elemental Analysis of Colorectal Cancerous Samples using XRF Techniques A Biophysics Project for SESAME JSPS ’ 02 Al Balqa Applied University Salt Jordan.
Chapter 32 Radiochemical Methods. Introduction… Radiochemical methods tend to be labor intensive and generate liquid waste due to the chemical separations.
FRANK LABORTORY OF NEUTRON PHYSICS ION BEAM ANALYSIS
Energy-Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis in the TEM Anthony J. Garratt-Reed Neil Rowlands.
Arrangement of Electrons. Spectroscopy and the Bohr atom (1913) Spectroscopy, the study of the light emitted or absorbed by substances, has made a significant.
Leading up to the Quantum Theory.  exhibits wavelike behavior  moves at a speed 3.8 × 10 8 m/s in a vacuum  there are measureable properties of light.
Ion Beam Analysis of Gold Flecks in a Foam Lattice F E Gauntlett, A S Clough Physics Department, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
Detection of trace elements in meteorites using PIXE Presented by: Sasha dos-Santos.
1 Alpha Decay  Because the binding energy of the alpha particle is so large (28.3 MeV), it is often energetically favorable for a heavy nucleus to emit.
Quantum Mechanical Ideas
Atomic-absorption spectroscopy
X-ray microanalysis in the electron microscope
Basics of Ion Beam Analysis
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS) Atomization: It is the conversion of molecules to their component atoms in gaseous state using a source of heat (flame).
Topic: Electrons in Atoms Ground/Excited States Do Now: List the charge, number of protons, and number of electrons for: 1.Ca +2 2.Fe +3 3.F -1 4.P -3.
1 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy Lecture 21.
Atomic Structure Notes. 2 Atomic Structure Subatomic particles include ________, _________ and _________. protons neutrons electrons ________ and _________.
Atomic-absorption spectroscopy Lab3 Atomic-absorption spectroscopy.
Chromatography and Instrumentation. Chromatography Separate Analyze Identify Purify Quantify Components Mixture Chromatography is used by scientists to:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
Spectroscopy Chapter 7.
Trace Elemental Composition and Concentration of Upstate New York Rainwater Samples Using the Union College Pelletron Particle Accelerator and Proton Induced.
Chapter 6 INORGANIC ANALYSIS
Electronic Structure of the Atom
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is based on the same principle as the flame test used in qualitative analysis.
ION BEAM ANALYSIS.
Electrons and Electron Arrangement.
Presentation transcript:

Trace Elemental Composition and Concentration of Upstate New York Rainwater Samples Using the Union College Pelletron Particle Accelerator and Proton Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy Katie Schuff, Maria Battaglia, Scott LaBrake, Colin Gleason, Charles Harrington, & Michael Vineyard Department of Physics & Astronomy, Union College, Schenectady, NY Introduction Environmental pollutants from various sources, both natural and anthropogenic, have been found to deposit harmful elements into our environment. These pollutants are generally airborne and eventually find their way into the watershed and soils through rainfall. Plants and animals uptake these pollutants and in high enough quantities are toxic. Environmental pollutants are known to have harmful effects on the human body [1]. Thus it is of great importance to be able to detect and accurately determine the amount of these harmful pollutants and in addition understand the deposition, transport and uptake of these elements by organisms in the ecosystem. In order to identify the specific elements found in aerosol, rainwater or soil samples, and thus determine their concentrations, the non-destructive, highly sensitive, and accurate ion beam analysis technique of Proton Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (PIXE) will be used. PIXE allows for a fast and accurate method for the detection of environmental pollutants in aerosols, rainwater, and soils. In particular, rainwater samples will be collected and Union College’s particle accelerator will be used to generate a 2.0-MeV proton beam. Spectra of x-ray intensity versus x-ray energy will be collected and a PIXE analysis will be performed. The presence and concentration of selected trace elemental pollutants will be determined and preliminary results will be presented. Future studies will be performed to further explore the possible sources of these pollutants as well as understand the transport and uptake by organisms. Experiment Union College‘s tandem electrostatic Pelletron particle accelerator, shown in Figure 1, was used to generate a 2.0-MeV beam of protons that was steered to be incident onto the dried rainwater target and Q = 10-  C of charge was collected. When the protons interact with elements in the target there is a probability, called the cross-section, that inner shell electrons will be ejected and that higher orbital electrons will de-excite to fill these vacancies accompanied by an emission of an x-ray photon. This is called Proton Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (PIXE) [2] and a schematic is shown in Figure 2 [3]. Each element has its own unique set of x-ray energies associated with electron transitions and this allows us to fingerprint each element. To fingerprint the elements we generally look for K-series x-rays, which are electron transitions from any orbital higher than the ground state to the ground state of the atom. The lower energy, higher probability n = 2 to n = 1 transition is termed a K  transition, while the higher energy, lower probability n = 3 to n = 1 transition, is called a K . X-ray spectra are collected on a silicon drift detector and are displayed as intensity versus x-ray energy and are analyzed to determine the trace elemental composition of the target with a software program called GUPIX [4]. Using trace elemental standards, GUPIX [4] will be calibrated to give concentrations of selected trace elements in the rainwater target. GUPIX [4] calculates the concentrations C target from the x-ray yields of the sample and target, Y sample and Y target, the amount of charge collected, Q, the x-ray detector efficiency,  and an overall energy independent constant, H shown in the equation below. Preliminary Results Figure 4 shows the raw data collected by the x-ray detector and is displayed as the intensity of the x-rays as a function of their energy. Overlaid is the fit to the spectrum generated by GUPIX [4]. Examination of this figure allows one to identify at least 10 trace elements and using GUPIX [4] their respective concentrations are calculated and are given in the table below. These concentrations have been normalized using the Micromatter standards [6]. Figure 5 shows the raw data for the rainwater and Mylar film overlaid against the non-rainwater deposited Mylar film for comparison. References 1.The Environmental Protection Agency 2.Particle Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. Johannson, S. Campbell, J. Malmgvisit, K. Wiley, NY The University at Albany, State University of New York, GUPIX, University of Guelph. 5.Trace Elemental Composition and Acidity of Central-Alabama Rain. Ghorai, S.K. Tekyi-Mensah, O. Sims, J.F. Williams, J.R. Alford, W.L. NIM B, 63, Micromatter Co th Ave NW Arlington, WA Experimental Procedure Rainwater samples were collected in late June 2009 from the Historic Stockade District located in Schenectady, NY. Following the method of Ghorai et. al., [5] approximately 200-mL of rainwater were obtained and dried in order to prepare a target that can be put under vacuum. The rainwater solution (comprising of 1- mL of selenium added to the 200-mL rainwater sample producing a concentration of 5,000-ppm serving as an internal standard) was slowly evaporated at approximately 70-80°C until 1-mL of the sample remained. Selenium was chosen as an internal standard as selenium is known not to be an element found within rainwater [5]. This remaining 1-mL was deposited onto an approximately 12-  m thin Mylar film, shown in the bottom of Figure 3, and further dried in a vacuum desiccator creating a thin film target that was run in the particle accelerator. X-rays produced by the incident proton beam were collected by a silicon drift detector and the resulting spectra of intensity versus x-ray energy were analyzed using GUPIX [4], thus allowing for the determination of the trace elemental composition and concentration of the sample. In order to calibrate GUPIX [4] a set of Micromatter standards [6] was used as shown in the top of Figure 3. The concentrations of these standards is used to normalize the concentrations of the elements found in the rainwater. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Union College and in particular the Department of Physics and Astronomy for presenting me with this opportunity to further explore physics and in helping me find my own path in the field. Also, I would like to thank NASA’s NY Space Grant for their financial support and of course my research group. I would like to thank my advisor Prof. Scott LaBrake for all of his time and patience and also Maria Battaglia, Colin Gleason, Chad Harrington and Prof. Mike Vineyard for their time and effort. Figure 1: Photograph of the Union College tandem electrostatic Pelletron particle accelerator used to generate the 2.0-MeV proton beam that will be used to facilitate the PIXE process. Figure 2: Drawing showing the basics of the PIXE process [3]. Here the ground and first excited states of an arbitrary atom are shown. The inner shell electron is ejected by the proton and a higher orbital electron transitions from the n = 2 to the n = 1 state with an emission of an x-ray photon. This is called a K  transition. Figure 3: Photograph of two of the Micromatter standards [6], in the upper left and right, used for calibration of GUPIX [4]. In addition the photograph shows the non-rainwater deposited Mylar film on the bottom left and the rainwater deposited Mylar film on the bottom right. ZElementConcentration (ng/cm 2 ) 16S Cl K Ca Ti Cr Fe Cu Zn Se By comparing the two spectra we can visibly see the trace elemental composition of the rainwater without any effects of the Mylar foil. Determining the trace elemental composition allows us to further analyze and determine the concentrations of these various elements using GUPIX [4]. Figure 4: PIXE Spectrum for Rainwater deposited on Mylar Film (blue dots) and the fit generated by GUPIX [4] (red curve) allowing for the determination of the elemental composition and concentration. Figure 5: PIXE spectra for Mylar foil with deposited rainwater (blue) and blank Mylar foil (pink). The two overlaid spectra provide a clear visualization of the trace elemental composition of the rainwater without any effects of the Mylar foil.