Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Ancestral Protist segmentation true tissue radial symmetry bilateral symmetry Deuterostomes: eucoelom Protostome: schizocoelem pseudo coelom Porifera Cnideria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Echinodermata Chordata Arthropoda no true tissues acoelom

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. l Heterotrophic nutrition l Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion. l No cell walls; has a plasma membrane. l Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings. Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Porifera Class Desmospongiae Class Calcarea Class Hexactinellida Class Sclerospongia

No true tissues or organs No symmetry No nerves, muscles, mouth or digestive system or Sessile Reproduce sexually and asexually Skeletons composed of CaCO 3 or SiO 2 spicules or spongin Filter feeders Phylum Porifera 5,000 species

Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of: spongin fibers calcareous spicules silica spicules a combination of these, or perhaps no skeletal structure at all

No Gut Sponges Phylum Porifera

A few species of fish seaslugs hawks bill and loggerhead turtles Can use toxins to ward off predators

Sponges provide habitat for wide variety of animals. As many as 16,000 different species of animals have been found in one loggerhead sponge.

Most marine sponges (>80%) All freshwater sponges Leuconoid Spongin and SiO 2 spicules

Contains all asconoid forms Most syconoids Generally small in stature CaCO 3 spicules

Mostly deep sea forms Glass-like lattice work SiO 2 spicules

CaCO 3 foundation with SiO 2 spicules Found in Pacific and West Indies

Asexual: production of external buds that detach or remain to form colonies internal buds called gemmules that form during unfavorable periods fragmentation (regeneration) Sexual (mostly hermaphroditic): eggs are retained in the mesohyl and fertilized by motile sperm that enter through the internal canals. Zygotes develop into flagellated larvae, which break loose and are carried away by water currents.

Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Corals Anemones Hydra Portuguese Man-Of-War Stinging Limu Fire Coral True jellyfishBox jellies Sea wasps

Phylum Cnidaria Stinging cells & 2 stages in life cycle Radial symmetry Tissues and organs Diploblastic Mouth and digestive cavity (blind sac gut) 9,000 species

PolypMedusa gastrovascular cavity gastrodermis mesoglea epidermis mouth/anus

The Cnidarian Life Cycle The Hydrozoan Life Cycle

Nematocysts

“Stinging Limu” Class Hydrozoa

Hydrozoan Medusa

Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War Class Hydrozoa

Class Scyphozoa

Box Jellies Seawasp Class Cubozoa

Subclass Zoantharia Order Actinaria Sea Anemones Class Anthozoa

Subclass Hexacorallia Order Antipatheria Black Coral & Wire Coral Wire coral Black coral Class Anthozoa

“True” Stony Corals lobe finger mushroom Porites rus Class Anthozoa

Phylum Ctenophora Diploblastic 8 rows or combs of cillia Colloblasts- adhesive structures Hydrostatic skeleton Blind sack gut

Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Turbellaria Class Trematoda Class Cestoda

Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms Blind digestive cavity Bilaterally symmetrical Thin, simple circulation Sensory organs at front Many parasitic 10,000 species

Fig Pharynx Gastrovascular cavity Mouth Eyespots Ganglia Ventral nerve cords Class Turbellaria Flatworm Anatomy

Pseudoceros dimidiatus Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus Pseudoceros ferrugineus Pseudobiceros sp. Planocera cf. oligoglena

Life History of a Blood Fluke Class Trematoda

Class Cestoda

Bilaterally symmetrical and dorsoventrally flattened. Body has more than two layers of cells with tissues and organs. Body has a through gut with a mouth and anus. Body has no body cavity. Has a blood system with blood vessels. Has a well developed nervous system and a brain. Has an eversible and retractable ectodermal proboscis. Reproduction is by asexual fragmentation, or sexual, when it is normally gonochoristic. Most species are carnivorous and predatory. Most are aquatic and marine, there are some terrestrial and freshwater forms. Phylum Nemertea

Ribbon worm

Phylum Rotifera Bilaterally symmetrical. Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs. Body cavity is a pseudocoelom. Body possesses a through gut with an anus. Body covered in an external layer of chitin called a lorica. Has a nervous system with a brain and paired nerves. Has no circulatory or respiratory organs. Reproduction mostly parthenogenetic, otherwise sexual and gonochoristic. Feed on bacteria, and protista, or are parasitic. All live in aquatic environments either free swimming or attached

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Primitive body cavity Gut & Anus No circulatory system Nervous system Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem Many are parasites 500,000? species

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda More than 500,000 known species chitonsSnails nudibranchs clams Squid Octopus Cuttlefish Nautilus

Phylum Mollusca Well developed circulatory system Nervous system with brain Some with good eyes

Three main parts: Muscular foot- for movement Visceral mass- contains most of the internal organs Mantle cavity- houses gills

mantle foot visceral mass

Grazers (radula- scraping tongue) Filter feeding Egg eaters Active predation

Class Polyplacophora

Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia

Cone shell Triton’s trumpet Cowery Opihi periwinkle Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda Day octopus

Class Cephalopoda

Class Cephalopoda

Class Cephalopoda

Octopus Intelligence

Mimic octopus from Indonesia flatfish lionfish Sea snake

Blue-ringed octopus Highly venomous

Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaeta Class Polychaeta Class Hirudinia earthworm leaches Marine worms

Phylum Annelida Segmented worms, earthworms, leeches Marine = polychaetes True body cavity Long tubular body Muscles 9,000 species

Class Oligochaeta

Class Polychaeta

Class Hirudinia

Segmentation (metameric body plan) Eucoelomate 15,000 species Closed circulatory system, but no heart Hydrostatic skeleton Excretion- protonephridia, metanephridia, diffusion or gills Simple gut Respiration- diffusion or gills Central nervous system- brain and nerve cord Reproduction- asexual or sexual (many gonochoric) Sensory system of tactile organs, taste buds, statocysts, photoreceptor cells, and eyes with lenses.

FEEDING MODES- very diverse Raptors Herbivores Browsers/grazers Omnivores Direct deposit feeders Indirect deposit feeders Suspension feeders

Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Cheliceriformes Subphylum Uniramia Subphylum Crustacea trilobites spiders ticks scorpions insects centipedes millipedes crabs lobsters shrimp barnacles

Phylogeny of Arthropods Arthropoda Worm-like Ancestor Trilobites (extinct) Annelids (worms) Onychophorans (worms w/legs) Chelicerates (spiders) Crustaceans (lobsters) Insects (butterflies)

Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles Most species; 80% are insects Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow) Circulatory system with blood, heart 10,000,000? species Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Extinct Existed: mya

Fig Subphylum Cheliceriformes

Subphylum Cheliceriformes Sea spider

Subphylum Uniramia Koa Bug

(a) Larva (caterpillar) (b) Pupa (c) Later-stage pupa (d) Emerging adult (e) Adult Metamorphosis of a Butterfly

Banded coral shrimp Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab Anemone carrying hermit crab Subphylum Crustacea

Phylum Echinodermata Class Astroidae Class Ophiuroidae Class Echinoidae Class Holothuroidae Class Crinoidae Sea starsBrittle stars Crinoids Sea urchinsSea cucumbers

Phylum Echinodermata No circulatory system No respiratory system Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion Simple nervous system, no brain Water-vascular system

Sea Star Anatomy

Phylum Echinodermata Tube feet & associated plumbing Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food Water Vascular System

Linckia sp. Acanthaster planci Class Astroidae

Class Ophiuroidae

Class Crinoidae

Echinometra mathaei Colobocentrotus atratus Echinothrix calamaris Slate pencil urchin Collector urchin Class Echinoidae

Holothuria atra Polyplectana kerfersteninii Class Holothuroidae