ANIMATION 5.1A ANIMATION 5.1B peek START לפי החוק השני של מנדל.

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Presentation transcript:

ANIMATION 5.1A ANIMATION 5.1B peek

START לפי החוק השני של מנדל

ANIMATION 5.1B

לא לפי החוק השני של מנדל

“They are linked” or “pr is linked to vg” or "הם בתאחיזה" And… The farther the genes are from each other, the more likely that a crossover occurs between them. The testcrossed dihybrids’ offspring ratio diverges from ¼ : ¼ : ¼ : ¼ and from 50% paternal, 50% recombinant

A B The farther the genes are from each other, the more likely that a crossover occurs between them.

מרחק גנטי תדירות רקומביננטים 10.7 cM

With genetic distances, we can build ‘Genetic Maps’ for an organism

Map distances are additive To resolve between 2 possibilities, do cross with B and C OR, do 3-point test cross of A, B, and C

Recomb: sc - ec? 56=

Recomb: sc - vg? 502= sc and vg -unlinked

Recomb: ec - vg? 498= sc and vg -unlinked ec and vg -unlinked

B A a b

ALSO Fig 5.15 Map with 356 cM

P A/A D/D E/E X a/a d/d e/e F1 trihybrid is test-crossed A D E 380 a d e 405 a D E 40 A d e 35 a d E 65 A D e 70 a D e 3 A d E Recomb: a - d? 80= A 8.0 D

P A/A D/D E/E X a/a d/d e/e F1 trihybrid is test-crossed A D E 380 a d e 405 a D E 40 A d e 35 a d E 65 A D e 70 a D e 3 A d E Recomb: d - e? 140= A 8.0 D D 14.0 E D A E A D E D E A ?

P A/A D/D E/E X a/a d/d e/e F1 trihybrid is test-crossed A D E 380 a d e 405 a D E 40 A d e 35 a d E 65 A D e 70 a D e 3 A d E Recomb: a - e? 210= A 8.0 D D 14.0 E A 21.0 E

P A/A D/D E/E X a/a d/d e/e F1 trihybrid is test-crossed A D E 380 a d e 405 a D E 40 A d e 35 a d E 65 A D e 70 a D e 3 A d E Recomb: a - e? 210= A 8.0 D D 14.0 E A D E a d e A D E 220= X A 8.0 D 14.0 E  22.0 

Recomb: cv - ct? 93/1448= ct 6.4 cv

P pure lines: (v + ) cv ct X v (cv + ct + )

A D E 380 a d e 405 a D E 40 A d e 35 a d E 65 A D e 70 a D e 3 A d E A 8.0 D 14.0 E  22.0 

Recomb: v - ct+? 191/1448= ct 6.4 cv v 13.2 ct

Recomb: v - cv+? 284/1448= ct 6.4 cv v 13.2 ct 19.6

A D E 380 a d e 405 a D E 40 A d e 35 a d E 65 A D e 70 a D e 3 A d E

Fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster)

Tomato

S A Meta-analysis II.D. Beyond mapping +? -?

Interference (I) = 1 - c.o.c. = In our example Interference:

1. Calculate recombinant frequencies for each pair of genes: 2. Represent linkage relations in a linkage map: 3. Determine the double recombinant classes. 4. Calculate the frequency and number of double recombinants expected if there is no interference: 5. Calculate interference: Interference :

onward

IA תדירות רקומבינציה מהכלאה עצמית IB שימוש בכרומוזום Y כ-'בוחן' II "הגבול" בין תאחיזה להפרדה עצמאית – 2  III התחשבות בשיחלופים שלא רואים – "mapping function” IV טטרדות – מיוזות בודדות, ומיפוי בין גן לצנטרומר שיטות מיפוי נוספות

מרחק גנטי תדירות רקומביננטים 10.7 cM

Choose to do F1 self cross? pr vg pr+ vg pr vg pr+ vg תדירות רקומבינציה מהכלא עצמית Self cross ! (0.0535) 2 ( ) … … … … etc X How does it work?... Do a thought experiment

תדירות רקומבינציה מהכלא עצמית pr vg pr+ vg pr vg pr+ vg (0.0535) 2 ( ) … … … … etc X Can’t do F1 test cross?… must SELF-CROSS the dihybrids z=0.024

תדירות רקומבינציה מהכלא עצמית Can’t do F1 test cross?… must SELF-CROSS the dihybrids z=0.024

Can’t do F1 test cross?… must SELF-CROSS the dihybrids

תדירות רקומבינציה מהכלאה עצמית שימוש בכרומוזום Y כ-'בוחן' שיטות מיפוי נוספות

X-chromosome mapping- use Y as ‘tester’ שימוש בכרומוזום Y כ-'בוחן'

X-chromosome mapping- use Y as ‘tester’ Human שימוש בכרומוזום Y כ-'בוחן' Гемофилия?

Human X-chromosome mapping- use Y as ‘tester’ שימוש בכרומוזום Y כ-'בוחן'

Human X-chromosome mapping- use Y as ‘tester’ שימוש בכרומוזום Y כ-'בוחן'

IA תדירות רקומבינציה מהכלאה עצמית IB שימוש בכרומוזום Y כ-'בוחן' II "הגבול" בין תאחיזה להפרדה עצמאית – 2  שיטות מיפוי נוספות

40% board "הגבול" בין תאחיזה להפרדה עצמאית – 2 X

44%

"הגבול" בין תאחיזה להפרדה עצמאית – 2 X assume they are unlinked ההשערה (היפותיזה) שאנחנו בודקים: " A & B אינם בתאחיזה"

"הגבול" בין תאחיזה להפרדה עצמאית – 2 X

P~0.007 ואומרים ש -A ו -B כן בתאחיזה ש -A ו -B לא בתאחיזה התוצאות "הגבול" בין תאחיזה להפרדה עצמאית – 2 X / היפותזה

R/_ Y/_

התוצאות התוצאות בהחלט החזיקו את ההשערה שלEpistasis > P > 0.9