Social Security
What is social security … the securing of an income to take the place of earnings when they are interrupted by unemployment, sickness or accident; to provide for retirement through age, to provide against loss of support by the death of another person. William Beveridge, 1942
Functions Income protection at times of contingencies Distribution of resources over one’s life time for future risks ‘social’ – pooling of resources to share risks Risks – short term (sickness) and long term (disability) Targets – able-bodied (temporary) and those loss of self- dependence Objectives – poverty-relief, income protection, redistribution?
Principles Available to all citizens (universal / selective)? Comprehensive in coverage of all kinds of contingencies? High level of benefit (high de-commodification) (flat rate / varied) ? Take-up rate? Financing (who pays)? Government normally guarantee the benefit and support those who cannot contribute
Models Social assistance (non-contributory, mean-tested) Social allowance / benefit (universal for specific target group, non-contributory) Social insurance (contributory, state managed) Provident fund (contributory, individual account)
General trends State gradually take up responsibility Dominated by social insurance model covering old age and unemployment Supplemented by social assistance scheme Problems – retirement in aging society, inadequate in pension and unemployment payment Responded by adjusting retirement/pension age, private insurance, privatising pension and cap government’s responsibility
Programme Summaries Retirement / Old age and death Disability Sickness (Health Insurance) Unemployment Family allowance Maternity