X Y Z r V o P O a  C s X Y Z r V o P O a  C s unun utut

FgFg m M r FgFg FgFg m M r FgFg FgFg m M r FgFg

X Y Z r m O FgFg X Y Z r V m P O F net

X Y Z r m O FgFg X Y Z r V m P O

X Y Z r V m P O r X Y Z O X’ Y’ Z’ O ’ Inertial frame Moving frame

M m X Y Z O X’ Y’ Z’ M m X Y Z O X’ Y’ Z’ FgFg FgFg rMrM rMrM rmrm rmrm r r

Q X Y Z i j k Inertial frame Moving frame P X Y Z x y z Inertial frame Moving frame o O r roro r rel

X Greenish meridian Y Z x’ y z’ P z y’ x Λ θgθg  r rel o Equator Earth axis of rotation

X Y Z R1R1 O R2R2 RGRG G r m1m1 m2m2 m2m2 m1m1 F 12 F 21 m1m1 m2m2 r m1m1 m2m2 r v vrvr vv m1m1 m2m2 r e 

O f b B f rprp rara rBrB  r r+dr f  Apse line v vrvr vv  = / 2 = / 2

f Perigee S/C 

f Perigee Ellipse focus Line of nodes  f Periapsis Latus rectum P

Z Y X Perigee Node line  e Earth’s north polar axis S/C v r Ascending node Earth’s equatorial plane  h   i

r v vrvr vv  Periapse f Semilatus rectum

F F’ A P C   aa |ra||ra| rprp I II  b M  Asymptote Apse line Empty focus Vacant orbit

O f b 11 a 22 ae