Becoming a World Power, © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. Chapter 22

The United States Looks Abroad By the 19 th Century, many Americans were looking to extend their reach abroad: –Protestant Missionaries –Businessmen –Imperialists (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Protestant Missionaries Focused mainly on China Christian duty “Civilizing” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Businessmen Exports of American manufactured goods rise after 1880 –American tobacco sold 1 billion cigarettes to China James J. Hill Frederick Jackson Turner –“The Significance of the Frontier in American History" Senator Albert Beveridge (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Leading U.S. Exports, 1875 and 1915

Imperialists U.S. should be imperial nation like Britain, France, Germany, and Russia Alfred Thayer Mahan –The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) “Big navy” policy Pago Pago, Samoa and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Hawaii –Queen Liliuokalani “Jingoism“ War and imperialism attempt to revive frontier like masculinity (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Spanish-American War Cuban Revolution (1895) –Valeriano Weyler “Yellow journalism" –William Randolph Hearst –Joseph Pulitzer de Lôme letter Maine Teller Amendment (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

“A Splendid Little War” Main reason for U.S. victory was naval superiority American soldiers racial perceptions of Cubans confused and they refused to work with Cubans George Dewey –Manila Theodore Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" –Kettle Hill and Negro Infantry –San Juan Hill Spanish Atlantic fleet destroyed, Spain surrenders Treaty of Paris, 1898 –U.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines –U.S. pays $20 million (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The United States Becomes a World Power McKinley casts his lot with imperialists Hawaiian annexation (1898) Lands gained from Spain colonies not territories Philippines –Emilio Aguinaldo (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Debate over the Treaty of Paris Anti-Imperialist League William Jennings Bryan and southern and western democrats –Against proposed acquisition of Philippines An assault on Filipinos’ rights Businessmen and laborers feared competition from Philippines Maintaining outposts more expensive than economic benefit Racist motives not to contaminate America Filipinos revolt, Anti-Imperialists lose (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The American-Filipino War 4 years of fighting between U.S. soldiers and Filipino rebels Were American actions in Philippines any different than those of Spain in Cuba? Arthur MacArthur William Howard Taft (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Controlling Cuba and Puerto Rico Leonard Wood Platt Amendment Foraker Act (1900) –Unincorporated territory –Insular cases Caribbean becoming an “American Mediterranean” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

China and the “Open Door” Other countries controlled China’s trade through spheres of influence John Hay –“Open Door" policy Boxer Rebellion (1900) 2 nd Open Door notes (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Theodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician Driving force in U.S. foreign policy Roosevelt believed the nation, like an individual, must strive for greatness –Americans were racially superior and destined for supremacy in economic and political affairs –Shrewd analyst of international affairs –No patience for small countries’ claims to sovereignty or human rights of weak peoples Latin America, Africa, Asia (except Japan) were inferior (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Venezuela Dominican Republic Roosevelt’s interventions concerned with stability not democratic institutions or social justice (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Panama Canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) Hay-Herran Treaty (1902) Philippe Bunau-Varilla Panamanian revolt and the U.S.S. Nashville Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) –“The treaty which no Panamanian signed” Building canal impressive test of American ingenuity and willpower Strategic importance of canal increased U.S. determination to preserve order in Central America (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Keeping the Peace in East Asia Russo-Japanese War ( ) –Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire (1905) Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905) Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) “Gentlemen's agreement" (1907) “Great White Fleet” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat Philander C. Knox and “Dollar diplomacy” –Substitute “dollars for bullets” –Setback in China –United Fruit Nicaragua –José Santos Zelaya –Adolfo Diaz (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

U.S. Global Investments and Investments in Latin America, 1914 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist Wilson intervened in Caribbean more than any President before –Haiti and Dominican Republic Wilson more concerned with morality and justice than Taft or Roosevelt Mexican Revolution: Wilson hopes for democracy –Francisco Madero –Victoriano Huerta –Veracruz (1914) –Venustiano Carranza and Francisco "Pancho" Villa –John Pershing (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Conclusion Dramatic turns in U.S. foreign policy –Control of Western Hemisphere –Moved military and economic power into Asia –Peoples of Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and Colombia were regarded as inferior and denied right to govern themselves (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved