Review from yesterday  What are the three different types of memory?  How many items can short term memory hold?  How can short term memory hold more than seven items?

Can you remember the following? JFK FBI NASA OPP IRS CIA.

Thinking & Knowledge HSP3M

Using knowledge  We acquire knowledge through Sensation Perception Learning  We use this knowledge through thinking Developing concepts Reasoning Problem solving Decision making

Developing Concepts  A concept is a category of objects, ideas, or events  Used to group similar items together  Ex: babies learn that milk and juice come in a glass, but food comes on a plate  Without concepts, each item would be unique  Ex: the concept of “apple” means you can infer that the apple you’re about to eat will taste good

Concepts  Concepts are arranged in a hierarchy  Ex: “bicycle”, “boat”, “automobile” are each concepts on their own They can also be grouped together under the concept of “transportation”

Reasoning  Using information to draw conclusions  3 types: Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Dialectical Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning  Applying a general principle to a specific situation Premise: All humans need air to live Premise: I am a human Conclusion: I need air to live

Inductive Reasoning  Applying something specific to a general situation Premise: I liked Kings of Leon’s last record Premise: This new record is from Kings of Leon Conclusion: I will like this new record

Dialectical Reasoning  Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis  Basically, comparing two opposite ideas and drawing your own conclusion, which is somewhere in between  When do we use this type of reasoning

Reasoning  Which type is it?  “Since all humans live on Earth, and I am a human, I must live on Earth”

Reasoning  Which type is it?  “Most people who use the SQ3R method (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Respond) improve their reading comprehension. I will try the SQ3R method. I will probably do better on the upcoming test”

Reasoning  Which type is it?  “I know that you believe in learning through observation. Personally, I think that repeating ideas improves learning. But I am coming to see the value of your argument – perhaps learning through observation is strengthened through repetition”

Reasoning  Which type is it?  “Housecats are members of the feline group. This animal in my house is a cat. Therefore it is a feline.”

Problem Solving  The ability to deal with new situations Solving a math problem Figuring out how to drive somewhere you haven’t been to before 1. Define the problem 2. Develop a strategy to solve it 3. Carry out the strategy 4. Determine if the strategy is working

Problem Solving  Examples of strategies: Trial and error  Try different approaches until you find one that works Rule of thumb  Use a general rule based on experience/knowledge Insight  A new idea or sudden understanding Hypothesis Testing  Test a hypothesis and measure its success

Problem Solving  Which problem solving strategy would be best for: Organizing a term paper Solving a math problem Making your money last until the end of the week Choosing the best route to your destination

Decision Making  Happens when we have a choice: 1. Determine alternatives 2. Evaluate alternative 3. Make a decision 4. Act

Decision Making  Your iPod was stolen from your locker. You find out that the person who stole it is the star goalie on the school’s hockey team. The team has dominated NCSSAA play this year and has a real chance of winning OFSAA. If you report the theft, the goalie will be suspended from the team.  Use the decision-making process to arrive at a decision

Homework  Page 62 # 4  Page 66 # 1-3, #7