1 CSE 417: Algorithms and Computational Complexity Winter 2001 Lecture 15 Instructor: Paul Beame.

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Presentation transcript:

1 CSE 417: Algorithms and Computational Complexity Winter 2001 Lecture 15 Instructor: Paul Beame

2 Pattern Matching  Given  a string, s, of n characters  a pattern, p, of m characters  usually m<<n  Find  all occurrences of the pattern p in the string s  Obvious algorithm:  try to see if p matches at each of the positions in s, stopping at a failed match

3 Pattern p = x y x y y x y x y x x String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x

4 x y x y y x y x y x x String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x

5 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x y x y y x y x y x x

6 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y y x y x y x x

7 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x y x y x x

8 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x y x y y x y x y x x

9 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x

10 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x

11 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x x

12 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x x y x y y x y x y x x

13 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x x x y x y y x y x y x x

14 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x x x x y x y y x y x y x x

15 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x x x x y x y y x y x y y x y x y x x

16 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x x x x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x Worst-case time O(mn)

17 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x x x y x x x x y x y y x x y x y y x y x y x x Lots of wasted work Since we know earlier agreement of the string with the pattern, these can’t possibly match Suppose we knew the pattern well

18 Preprocess the Pattern  After each character in the pattern figure out ahead of time what the next useful work would be if it failed to match there  i.e. how much can one shift over the pattern for the next match

19 x y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x x y x y y x y x y y x y x y x x

20 Preprocessing the pattern  At each mismatch  Look at the last part that matched plus extra mismatched character  Try to fit pattern as far to the left in this as possible  i.e. look for the longest prefix of the pattern that matches the end of the sequence so far.

21 Preprocessing the pattern Pattern p=x y x y y x y x y x x y yy xxxxy xy x Each dot represents how far in the pattern things are matched

22 Preprocessing the pattern Pattern p=x y x y y x y x y x x y yy xxxxy xy x y

23 Preprocessing the pattern Pattern p=x y x y y x y x y x x y yy xxxxy xy x y x y x x

24 Preprocessing the pattern Pattern p=x y x y y x y x y x x y yy xxxxy xy x y x y x x y x y x

25 Preprocessing the pattern Pattern p=x y x y y x y x y x x y yy xxxxy xy x y x y x x y x y x y y

26 Running on the string y yy xxxxy xy x y x y x x y x y x y y String s = x y x x y x y x y y x y x y x y y x y x y x x

27 Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm  Once the preprocessing is done there are only n steps on any string of size n  just follow your nose  Obvious algorithm for doing preprocessing is O(m 2 ) steps  still usually good since m<<n  Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm can do the pre-processing in O(m) steps  Total O(m+n) time

28 Finite State Machines  The diagram we built is a special case of a finite automaton  start state  goal or accepting state(s)  an arc out of each state labeled by each of the possible characters  Finite automata take strings of characters as input and decide what to do with them based on the paths they follow

29 Finite State Machines  Many communication protocols, cache-coherency protocols, VLSI circuits, user-interfaces, even adventure games are designed by making finite state machines first.  The “strings” that are the input to the machines can be  a sequence of actions of the user  the bits that arrive on particular ports of the chip  a series of values on a bus

30 Finite State Machines  Can search for arbitrary combinations of patterns not just a single pattern  Given two finite automata can build a single new one that accepts strings that either of the original ones accepted  Typical text searches are based on finite automata designs  Perl builds this in as a first-class component of the programming language.

31 Next time  We start the computability and complexity portion of the course.  We discuss Turing machines which are similar in style to finite-state machines but much more powerful  as powerful as any programming language