Reconciliation between BFO and DOLCE leads to YATO ー On quality description ー Riichiro Mizoguchi ISIR, Osaka University

Rough Idea The top-level structure and quality inherited from BFO Separation of quantity (value) and quality inherited from DOLCE + The idea of Role from Hozo Separation of the reality and its description = A new upper level ontology for quality & quantity in YATO

Issues Generic issues –Coping with two kinds of realities The reality and several kinds of data descriptions Clear separation of the two in the ontology –Coping with Change better Specific issues –Problems in PATO –quality type vs. quality vs. quantity Separation of quantity and quality Quantity as representation Quality ontology in YATO implemented in Hozo

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan Problems in PATO Hiroshi Masuya RIKEN, Japan

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan YATO-PATO_termBFO-PATO Single hierarchy model of quality (No differentiation of quality from quantity) Dual hierarchy model of quality (Differentiation of quality into quality type and quality value) lengthincreased length length of tail of mouse_1 lengthlength of tail of mouse_1 increased length ordinal scale value classinstanceclassinstance referring to = (attribute-slim) (value-slim)

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan Quantitative and Qualitative description of phenotypic quality Tail of mouse_1 10cm long and longer than wild-type length increased length length of tail of mouse_1 classinstance 10cm lengthlength of tail of mouse_1 increased length ordinal scale value classinstance referring to rational scale value 10cm Double inheritance! YATO-PATO_termBFO-PATO

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan Quantitative comparison or “D/W/H” ?? H:10cm W:10cm D: 20cm H:10cm W: 20cm D: 20cm Whole body of mouse_1 Whole body of mouse_2 length H of a mouse_1 Height H of a mouse_2 Width W of a mouse_1 W of a mouse_2 D of a mouse_2 Depth 10cm of height 10cm of width 20cm of width 20cm of Depth Cross-attribute equivalence of “10cm”(20cm) is lost. BFO-PATO

Hiroshi Masuya, RIKEN, Japan Other problems How to represent abnormality in ? = 1-hierarchy model brings PATO-tree some complication of attribute- slims and value-slims. Missing meanings:

Reality of quality description In engineering and physics, description is the standard In clinical medicine, there are many descriptions We should realize “Value” (played by quantity) as reality We need interoperability among these kinds of quality descriptions.

Reality of quality/quantity 160cm 50Kg Quality: John’s height of 160cm long ← This is the only reality we share!? The issue is how to wisely model it Quality type: length, weight, etc. as a kind of qualities Then, what is height? Is 160cm an instance of length? BFO: Quality dimension: 160cm is a value rather than an instance Quality: John’s height, John’s weight, etc., independently of how big and when as an identity holder Quality as role: height, depth, etc. are roles played by length Quality must be something associated with an entity So, can’t be a quality Quantity: 160cm, 50Kg, etc. Quantity is generic. 160cm could be height of John and Tom, distance between A and B, etc. Quantity as representation: 1m=100cm=1000mm=0.001Km Property: a pair of quality type and quantity: This is compliant with “state”; hungry = tall = What exist here: John, John’s height, height, length, 160cm long, 160, cm Object/human Associated with John Dependent on the way of measuring Quite generic length quantity number Unit/dimension John

Reality of quality/quantity 2 160cm 50Kg Quality instance: John’s height of 160cm long ← This is the only reality we share! The issue is how to wisely model it Generic quality type: length, weight, etc. as a kind of qualities Height, width, or distance are not included. 160cm is an instance not of length but of length quantity. Quality dimension: 160cm is a value rather than an instance Quality: John’s height, John’s weight, etc., independently of how big and when as an identity holder Quality type (Quality as role): height, depth, etc. played by length So, is a player of quality as role. Quantity: 160cm, 50Kg, etc. Quantity is generic. 160cm could be height of John and Tom, distance between A and B, etc. Quantity as representation: 1m=100cm=1000mm=0.001Km Property (quality): a pair of quality type and quantity: which is compliant with “state”; hungry = tall = Quality must be something associated with an entity What exist here: John, John’s height, height, length, 160cm long, 160, cm Object/human Quality type Generic Quality type length quantity number Unit/dimension John

Representation of quality of reality = also a reality → Interoperability among them is necessary

Concluding remarks A comprehensive ontology for quality & quantity has been proposed enabling interoperability of existing descriptions Its features include: –Separation of quantity and quality –Separation of the reality and description –Clear identification of quality, quality instance, quality type and generic quality type. Ontology of quality & quantity has been under evaluation through building –A clinical ontology –A phenotype ontology of Mouse

Ontology of representation Distinction among the following three things –Representation which is composed of Representation form Representation content –Represented thing which is composed of Representation Representation media –Representation content which is-a Proposition Examples –My speech “I like Barry” is-a Represented thing using speech media –The writing “I like Barry” is-a Represented thing using paper media –the representation form of “I like Barry” is-a NL sentence

Sentence Music score instance-of Score of “The 5th” Representation Proposition Symphony instance-of “The 5 th ” Music realization-of A performance of the 5 th Utterance instance-of “There is a house” part-of Music symbol Spec. of the 5th realization-of Design drawing of Corolla Elements of figure Spec. of Corolla part-of Painting Mona Lisa Without canvas Script of Hamlet part-of Natural Language-1 Spec. of all actions instance-of Tale of Genji Novel Proposition -product Proposition -design Sentences of Tale of Genji 2-D rep. Rep. with language Symbolic Rep. Rep. with symbol part-of Drama Hamlet realization-of Content of the story instance-of Letter “a” Letter A particular “a” part-of Spec. of the figure Liner figure-1 Natural language realization-of instance-of Figure Occurrent Playing music instance-of is-a Throw A throwing action A performance of Hamlet Playing drama instance-of Writing action An action of writing “a” instance-of generated-by instance-of Concrete/physical Vehicle Car instance-of Corolla-1 Figure of letter Speech sound 2-D Sound Musical sound Noise A linear figure of “a” Sound produced by a performance of the 5 th realization-of generated-by instance-of Mona Lisa with canvas instance-of Legend: is-a instance-of realization-of generated-by Special part-of for representation equivalence Specification Spec. of Corolla instance-of Corolla Event Ontology of representation

Ontology (not description) Quality instance Quality type Generic quality type Quantity Quality

Identity of a quality 160cm 170cm We need to capture Change of quality In quantity space, Different ID As quality Same ID

Type/role/part definition in Hozo slot name name of the slot value Constraint of slot value Type To be defined Referring to the other type Role concept Role holder Context Role player To be defined Referring to the other type To be defined