Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)
Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods Early Beginnings Perspectives & Specialties Observe & Describe Test It Out Ethics & Applications
Early Beginnings
Perspectives & Specialties
Observe & Describe
Test It Out
Ethics & Applications
1. Wilhelm Wundt is known as: A) the founder of psychology as an experimental science. B) the founder of functionalism. C) the founder of structuralism. D) the author of Principles of Psychology, the leading psychology textbook. A) the founder of psychology as an experimental science. B) the founder of functionalism. C) the founder of structuralism. D) the author of Principles of Psychology, the leading psychology textbook.
2. In ____, the first school of psychology, conscious processes could be broken down into sensations and feelings by using introspection. A) Behaviorism B) Functionalism C) Structuralism D) Psychoanalysis A) Behaviorism B) Functionalism C) Structuralism D) Psychoanalysis
3. John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov shared enthusiasm in the approach called: A) Psychoanalysis. B) Behaviorism. C) Functionalism. D) Structuralism. A) Psychoanalysis. B) Behaviorism. C) Functionalism. D) Structuralism.
4.____ emphasized unconscious processes, while ____ stressed learned behavior. A) Structuralism; Functionalism B) Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism C) Psychoanalysis; Humanism D) Humanism; Behaviorism A) Structuralism; Functionalism B) Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism C) Psychoanalysis; Humanism D) Humanism; Behaviorism
5. B.F. Skinner is to ____, as Carl Rogers is to ____. A) underlying conflicts; free will B) behaviorism; functionalism C) externally shaped; free will D) conscious experiences; unconscious processes A) underlying conflicts; free will B) behaviorism; functionalism C) externally shaped; free will D) conscious experiences; unconscious processes
6. The ____ perspective focuses on the role of thinking, memory and perception on behavior. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) cognitive A) behavioral B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) cognitive
7. Dr. Brown theorized that men were more aggressive because it assured that the strongest men would produce more offspring. He was looking at behavior from the ___ perspective. A) humanistic B) biological C) evolutionary D) social A) humanistic B) biological C) evolutionary D) social
8. While both have doctoral degrees, the ____ emphasizes psychotherapy and testing, while the ____ emphasizes medication and electroshock. A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist D) cognitive psychologist; biological psychologist A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist D) cognitive psychologist; biological psychologist
9. People exert less effort on a task when they are part of a group than when they are working alone. This may be true in America but not in China, according to ____. A) evolutionary psychology B) cross-cultural psychology C) personality psychology D) humanistic psychology A) evolutionary psychology B) cross-cultural psychology C) personality psychology D) humanistic psychology
10. According to studies, most psychologists have the specialty area of ____ and are employed at ____. A) educational; universities B) counseling; universities C) developmental; schools D) clinical; self-employment A) educational; universities B) counseling; universities C) developmental; schools D) clinical; self-employment
11. A mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not is called: A) the rule of falsifiability. B) pseudoscience. C) an illusory correlation. D) paranormal phenomena. A) the rule of falsifiability. B) pseudoscience. C) an illusory correlation. D) paranormal phenomena.
12. Dr. Brennan wanted to study the behavior of children on the playground. It is likely he would want to use: A) naturalistic observation. B) case studies. C) surveys. D) a control group. A) naturalistic observation. B) case studies. C) surveys. D) a control group.
13. When everybody has an equal chance of being included in a study, this is called: A) a representative sample. B) a survey. C) random selection. D) reliability. A) a representative sample. B) a survey. C) random selection. D) reliability.
14. If results of research are not likely to have occurred by chance, we say the results are: A) an illusory correlation. B) descriptive. C) valid. D) statistically significant. A) an illusory correlation. B) descriptive. C) valid. D) statistically significant.
15. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest correlation? A) +.10 B) -.64 C) +.35 D) -.10 A) +.10 B) -.64 C) +.35 D) -.10
16. In order to prove a cause-and- effect relationship, we must use: A) naturalistic observation. B) human subjects. C) the rule of falsifiability. D) the experimental method. A) naturalistic observation. B) human subjects. C) the rule of falsifiability. D) the experimental method.
17. In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to the treatment of interest is the: A) control group. B) independent group. C) treatment group. D) experimental group. A) control group. B) independent group. C) treatment group. D) experimental group.
18. Anderson and Dill (2000) investigated the effects of playing violent video games on aggressive behavior. In this study, aggressive behavior would be the: A) dependent variable. B) independent variable. C) control condition. D) experimental condition. A) dependent variable. B) independent variable. C) control condition. D) experimental condition.
19. In their study, Anderson and Dill exposed half the subjects to a violent video game and half of them to a non-violent video game for comparison. Those playing the non-violent game were in the: A) random assignment group. B) experimental group. C) placebo control group. D) low-aggression experimental group. A) random assignment group. B) experimental group. C) placebo control group. D) low-aggression experimental group.
20. A study in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with them are aware of the condition to which the subjects have been assigned is called: A) expectancy effects. B) a double-blind study. C) placebo effects. D) random assignment. A) expectancy effects. B) a double-blind study. C) placebo effects. D) random assignment.
21. The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the behavior of nonhuman animals is called: A) comparative psychology. B) clinical psychology. C) biological psychology. D) evolutionary psychology. A) comparative psychology. B) clinical psychology. C) biological psychology. D) evolutionary psychology.
22. Psychological research with animal subjects is governed by an ethical code developed by the: A) ASPCA. B) APA. C) AMA. D) Audubon Society. A) ASPCA. B) APA. C) AMA. D) Audubon Society.
23. If you wanted to study how tobacco causes cancer, you should use: A) the experimental method with human subjects. B) a survey of cancer patients. C) case studies of smokers. D) the experimental method with animal subjects. A) the experimental method with human subjects. B) a survey of cancer patients. C) case studies of smokers. D) the experimental method with animal subjects.
24: Which of the following is NOT a key provision in the 2002 APA ethical principles regulating research with human participants? A) Never deceive the subject. B) Never disclose personal information about the subject. C) Always obtain informed consent to participate. D) Always debrief the participants after they have participated. A) Never deceive the subject. B) Never disclose personal information about the subject. C) Always obtain informed consent to participate. D) Always debrief the participants after they have participated.
25. Personal stories told to confirm or support a particular claim are often misleading and are called: A) illusory correlations. B) placebo effects. C) anecdotal evidence. D) pseudoscience. A) illusory correlations. B) placebo effects. C) anecdotal evidence. D) pseudoscience.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. Wilhelm Wundt is known as: A) the founder of psychology as an experimental science. B) the founder of functionalism. C) the founder of structuralism. D) the author of Principles of Psychology, the leading psychology textbook. A) the founder of psychology as an experimental science. B) the founder of functionalism. C) the founder of structuralism. D) the author of Principles of Psychology, the leading psychology textbook. 4
2. In ____, the first school of psychology, conscious processes could be broken down into sensations and feelings by using introspection. A) Behaviorism B) Functionalism C) Structuralism D) Psychoanalysis A) Behaviorism B) Functionalism C) Structuralism D) Psychoanalysis 4
3. John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov shared enthusiasm in the approach called: A) Psychoanalysis. B) Behaviorism. C) Functionalism. D) Structuralism. A) Psychoanalysis. B) Behaviorism. C) Functionalism. D) Structuralism. 7
4.____ emphasized unconscious processes, while ____ stressed learned behavior. A) Structuralism; Functionalism B) Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism C) Psychoanalysis; Humanism D) Humanism; Behaviorism A) Structuralism; Functionalism B) Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism C) Psychoanalysis; Humanism D) Humanism; Behaviorism 8
5. B.F. Skinner is to ____, as Carl Rogers is to ____. A) underlying conflicts; free will B) behaviorism; functionalism C) externally shaped; free will D) conscious experiences; unconscious processes A) underlying conflicts; free will B) behaviorism; functionalism C) externally shaped; free will D) conscious experiences; unconscious processes 8
6. The ____ perspective focuses on the role of thinking, memory and perception on behavior. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) cognitive A) behavioral B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) cognitive 10
7. Dr. Brown theorized that men were more aggressive because it assured that the strongest men would produce more offspring. He was looking at behavior from the ___ perspective. A) humanistic B) biological C) evolutionary D) social A) humanistic B) biological C) evolutionary D) social 11
8. While both have doctoral degrees, the ____ emphasizes psychotherapy and testing, while the ____ emphasizes medication and electroshock. A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist D) cognitive psychologist; biological psychologist A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist D) cognitive psychologist; biological psychologist 14
9. People exert less effort on a task when they are part of a group than when they are working alone. This may be true in America but not in China, according to ____. A) evolutionary psychology B) cross-cultural psychology C) personality psychology D) humanistic psychology A) evolutionary psychology B) cross-cultural psychology C) personality psychology D) humanistic psychology 12
10. According to studies, most psychologists have the specialty area of ____ and are employed at ____. A) educational; universities B) counseling; universities C) developmental; schools D) clinical; self-employment A) educational; universities B) counseling; universities C) developmental; schools D) clinical; self-employment 13
11. A mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not is called: A) the rule of falsifiability. B) pseudoscience. C) an illusory correlation. D) paranormal phenomena. A) the rule of falsifiability. B) pseudoscience. C) an illusory correlation. D) paranormal phenomena. 20
12. Dr. Brennan wanted to study the behavior of children on the playground. It is likely he would want to use: A) naturalistic observation. B) case studies. C) surveys. D) a control group. A) naturalistic observation. B) case studies. C) surveys. D) a control group. 19
13. When everybody has an equal chance of being included in a study, this is called: A) a representative sample. B) a survey. C) random selection. D) reliability. A) a representative sample. B) a survey. C) random selection. D) reliability. 22
14. If results of research are not likely to have occurred by chance, we say the results are: A) an illusory correlation. B) descriptive. C) valid. D) statistically significant. A) an illusory correlation. B) descriptive. C) valid. D) statistically significant. 16
15. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflect the strongest correlation? A) +.10 B) -.64 C) +.35 D) -.10 A) +.10 B) -.64 C) +.35 D)
16. In order to prove a cause-and- effect relationship, we must use: A) naturalistic observation. B) human subjects. C) the rule of falsifiability. D) the experimental method. A) naturalistic observation. B) human subjects. C) the rule of falsifiability. D) the experimental method. 25
17. In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to the treatment of interest is the: A) control group. B) independent group. C) treatment group. D) experimental group. A) control group. B) independent group. C) treatment group. D) experimental group. 27
18. Anderson and Dill (2000) investigated the effects of playing violent video games on aggressive behavior. In this study, aggressive behavior would be the: A) dependent variable. B) independent variable. C) control condition. D) experimental condition. A) dependent variable. B) independent variable. C) control condition. D) experimental condition. 25
19. In their study, Anderson and Dill exposed half the subjects to a violent video game and half of them to a non-violent video game for comparison. Those playing the non-violent game were in the: A) random assignment group. B) experimental group. C) placebo control group. D) low-aggression experimental group. A) random assignment group. B) experimental group. C) placebo control group. D) low-aggression experimental group. 29
20. A study in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with them are aware of the condition to which the subjects have been assigned is called: A) expectancy effects. B) a double-blind study. C) placebo effects. D) random assignment. A) expectancy effects. B) a double-blind study. C) placebo effects. D) random assignment. 31
21. The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the behavior of nonhuman animals is called: A) comparative psychology. B) clinical psychology. C) biological psychology. D) evolutionary psychology. A) comparative psychology. B) clinical psychology. C) biological psychology. D) evolutionary psychology. 32
22. Psychological research with animal subjects is governed by an ethical code developed by the: A) ASPCA. B) APA. C) AMA. D) Audubon Society. A) ASPCA. B) APA. C) AMA. D) Audubon Society. 36
23. If you wanted to study how tobacco causes cancer, you should use: A) the experimental method with human subjects. B) a survey of cancer patients. C) case studies of smokers. D) the experimental method with animal subjects. A) the experimental method with human subjects. B) a survey of cancer patients. C) case studies of smokers. D) the experimental method with animal subjects. 31
24: Which of the following is NOT a key provision in the 2002 APA ethical principles regulating research with human participants? A) Never deceive the subject. B) Never disclose personal information about the subject. C) Always obtain informed consent to participate. D) Always debrief the participants after they have participated. A) Never deceive the subject. B) Never disclose personal information about the subject. C) Always obtain informed consent to participate. D) Always debrief the participants after they have participated. 33
25. Personal stories told to confirm or support a particular claim are often misleading and are called: A) illusory correlations. B) placebo effects. C) anecdotal evidence. D) pseudoscience. A) illusory correlations. B) placebo effects. C) anecdotal evidence. D) pseudoscience. 30
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2007 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Based on Discovering Psychology 4e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2007
AnswersAnswers 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.D 11.C 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.D 18.A 19.C 20.B 21.A 22.B 23.D 24.A 25.C