LoCal: Rethinking the Energy Infrastructure using Internet Design Principles David Culler, Randy Katz, Eric Brewer, Seth Sanders University of California, Berkeley LoCal Kickoff 5 October 2009 “Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware, 1997

Kickoff Agenda : Project Overview : Experimental Plans (and Working Lunch) : Student Poster Session 2

LoCal Beginnings … Culler: Need to find information age solutions to THE industrial age problem – Energy Katz: The Grid/The Internet: two national scale infrastructures with fundamentally different design principles How might we design the Grid in when the Internet exists? 3

The Grid: Marvel of Industrial Age Design Deliver high quality low-cost power To millions of customers over thousands of miles Synchronized to 16 ms cycle (60 Hz) With no orders, no forecasts, no plans No inventory anywhere in the supply chain To enable rapid economic & industrial growth through oblivious consumption 4

A New Reality … 1.Energy becoming increasingly dear –increased cost of acquisition –inclusion of environmental costs 2.Improvements in energy efficiency cause high dynamic variability in the load –high peak-to-ave ratio, bursty 3.Limitations of existing grid present transmission and distribution bottlenecks 4.Incorporation of renewable resources reduces control over supply –most are non-dispatchable (solar, wind) 5

Towards an “Aware” Energy Infrastructure 6 Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Distribution Transmission Generation Demand Nearly Oblivious Loads Non-Dispatchable Sources Interactive Dispatchable Loads Communication

Energy Reduction and Support for Renewables thru Information Dispatchable Supply Non- Dispatchable Supply Dispatchable Supply Non- Dispatchable Supply Doing Nothing Well Scheduling Storage Reduce Demand Increase Effectiveness of Non-Dispatchable Supply

Energy Network Architecture Information exchanged whenever energy is transferred Loads are “Aware” and sculptable –Forecast demand, adjust according to availability / price, self-moderate Supplies negotiate with loads Storage, local generation, demand response are intrinsic 8

Where to Focus? Buildings … 72% of electrical consumption, 40% of total consumption, 42% of GHG footprint 370 B$ in US annual utility bill 9.5% of GDP in bldg construction/renovation Primarily Coal generation Primary opportunity for renewable supplies 9 Renewable energy consumption Electricity source Coal consumption by sector

6/16/ Supply Demand Figure Courtesy Professor Arun Majumdar, UCB, LBNL

OurBuildings? 6/16/ Environmental Operational

Start from Scratch? No! 12

Grid Exists 13 Conventional Electric Grid Generation Transmission Distribution Load

Internet Exists 14 Conventional Electric Grid Generation Transmission Distribution Load Conventional Internet

Intelligent Energy Network as Overlay on Both 15 Conventional Electric Grid Generation Transmission Distribution Load Intelligent Energy Network Load IPS Source IPS energy subnet Intelligent Power Switch Conventional Internet

Aware Co-operative Grid 16 Monitor, Model, Mitigate Deep instrumentation Waste elimination Efficient Operation Shifting, Scheduling, Adaptation Forecasting Tracking Market Availability Pricing Planning

LoCal Energy Nets in Action 17 IPS comm power now Load profile w $ now Price profile w now Actual load w Data center IPS Bldg Energy Network IPS Internet Grid IPS Power proportional kernel Power proportional service manager Quality- Adaptive Service M/R Energy Net IPS AHU Chill CT

Questions… Where does the energy go? –how much is wasted? => do nothing well –how can the rest be optimized? How much demand slack is there? –Can it be exercised through shifting? –Energy storage? Electrical Storage? What limits renewable penetration? –vs storage, scheduling, cooperation What are the protocols involved? System and network design … 18

19 Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Network PowerComm Interface Energy Storage Power Generation Host Load energy flows information flows Intelligent Power Switch PowerComm Interface: Network + Power connector Scale Down, Scale Out

Understanding Diverse Load 20

Energy Consumption Breakdown 21

Re-aggregation to Purpose 22

OS for Building, Datacenter, Grid, … 23

24 Datacenters

Server Power Consumption x 1/PDU efficiency + ACC If P idle = 0 we’d save ~125 kw x 24 hours x 365 … … Do Nothing Well

26 “Doing Nothing Well” Existing systems sized for peak and designed for continuous activity –Reclaim the idle waste –Exploit huge gap in peak-to-average power consumption Continuous demand response –Challenge “always on” assumption –Realize potential of energy-proportionality From IT Equipment … –Better fine-grained idling, faster power shutdown/restoration –Pervasive support in operating systems and applications … to the OS for the Building … to the Grid

27 Energy Interconnect Local Generation Local Load IPS Local Storage IPS Scaling Energy Cooperation Hierarchical aggregates of loads and IPSs Overlay on existing Energy Grid Energy Interconnect Communications Interconnect

Tools and Techniques Doing Nothing Well Scheduling Storage Scheduling Forecasting Supply Shifting Prioritizing Storage Monitoring Modeling Manage/ Reduction Consumption

Constructive Plan Tools and Techniques SuppliesTransportLoads Storage Scheduling Doing Nothing Well Generation Consumption cooperation

Constructive Plan Tools and Techniques SuppliesTransportLoads Storage Scheduling Doing Nothing Well Generation Consumption Static Planned Proactive Dispatch Dynamic Unplanned Reactive Non-Dispatch cooperation

Constructive Plan Tools and Techniques SuppliesTransportLoads Storage Scheduling Doing Nothing Well Generation Consumption Centralized Aggregated Global Control Decentralized Disaggregated Local Control cooperation

Constructive Plan Tools and Techniques SuppliesTransportLoads Storage Scheduling Doing Nothing Well Generation Consumption Compute Nodes Machine Rooms Datacenters Building HVAC Lighting Plug Loads Buildings AC/DC Distribution LoCal-ized Local Grid LoCal-ized Generation cooperation

Google Earth Models

Berkeley Available Testbeds Richmond Field Station La Jolla Wide-Area Network

Planned Testbeds Loads (with storage/supply/transport) –LoCalized Rack –LoCalized Machine Room/Datacenter –LoCalized Distributed Datacenters (with UCSD) –LoCalized Building –LoCalized Buildings/Campus/Local Grid Supplies –LoCalized Renewable Energy Source Beyond –Standalone Testbed (aka “Burning Man”) 36

37 Example: LoCal-ized Web Server Description Solar Panel50W panel Input Regulator Efficiency 89%- 97% Energy Storage 12V-32Ah lead acid Output Regulator Efficiency 80%- 82% Load2.25W average

38 Summary and Conclusions Monitor, Model, Manage: scalable infrastructure for integrated energy generation and storage IPS: points where information and energy flows come together Information overlay to the Grid, visualize usage patterns by facilities and individuals, do nothing well, enable markets Initial focus on buildings aware of energy usage and integration of renewable sources