Review Lecture II

3 pathways to degradation in the lysosome

3 possible fates of receptor proteins in an epithelial cell

cholesterol is released in lysosome

Glucose transporters can be stored in recycling endosomes

3 best understood protein sorting pathways in the trans Golgi network

Intracellular signaling pathways

4 types of intercellular signaling

Autocrine signaling allow a group of cells but not a single cell to respond to a differentiation signal coordinates decisions by a group of identical cells

An animal cell depends on extracellular signals to survive or divide

An animal cell depends on extracellular signals to differentiate. Without extracellular signals the cell will die

Extracellular signaling molecules can bind to intracellular receptors

Signaling molecules that bind to nuclear receptors are small and hydrophobic

G-protein accepts GTP and disassemble into two active subunits

Activation of gene transcription by cAMP

Ca 2+ and diacylglycerol activate protein kinase C

Ras is activated by tyrosine kinase

Tubulin heterodimer is the microtubule subunit

Microtubule structure

Structure of actin

Growing and shrinking microtubules

Model of intermediate filaments

Polymerization of tubulin is nucleated by the γ- tubulin ring

Model for actin filament nucleation by ARP complex

Actin bundles in a microvillus

Actin filament dynamics and platelet activation in

Accessory proteins in a sarcomere

Two membrane system that relays signal to contract muscle cells

Ca 2+ relieves tropomyosin blockage

Attachment of dynein to cargo filled vesicle

CdK activity can be suppressed by inhibitory proteins

Assembly of pre-replicative complex during G1 phase

Overview of cell cycle control system

Caspase cascade occurs during apoptosis

Mitogens stimulate G1-Cdk and G1/S-Cdk activities

Cell growth like cell division is also stimulated by extracellular signals

Summary of cell junctions found in the cell

Summary of junctional and non-junctional adhesive mechanisms

GAG and its core protein form proteoglycan

Fibroblast surrounded by collagen fibrils

Fibronectin is an extracellular protein that helps cells attach to the matrix

Integrin is a transmembrane heterodimer

FAK deficient fibroblasts have more focal adhesions and can not spread