Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Society: Behavior is abnormal when it does not conform to the existing social order.Society: Behavior is abnormal when it does not conform to the existing social order. Individual: One’s own sense of personal well- being determines normality.Individual: One’s own sense of personal well- being determines normality. Mental-health professional: Personality and degree of personal discomfort and life functioning d e termine normality.Mental-health professional: Personality and degree of personal discomfort and life functioning d e termine normality.

Approaches to Psychological Disorders biological model: Disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis.biological model: Disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis. psychoanalytic model: Disorders result from unconscious internal conflicts.psychoanalytic model: Disorders result from unconscious internal conflicts. cognitive-behavioral model: Disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving.cognitive-behavioral model: Disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving.

Approaches to Psychological Disorders diathesis-stress model: People biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affected by stress.diathesis-stress model: People biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affected by stress. systems approach: Biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce disorders.systems approach: Biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce disorders.

Diagnostic & Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) A publication of the American Psychiatric Association that classifies over 230 psychological disorders into 16 categories.A publication of the American Psychiatric Association that classifies over 230 psychological disorders into 16 categories. The most widely used classification of psychological disorders.The most widely used classification of psychological disorders.

Diagnostic Categories of DSM-IV

Mood Disorders Disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state. depressiondepression maniamania bipolar disorderbipolar disorder

Depression A mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness,A mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, lack of interest in activities,lack of interest in activities, and perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness.and perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness.

Mania A mood disorder characterized by euphoric states,A mood disorder characterized by euphoric states, extreme physical activity,extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness,excessive talkativeness, distractedness,distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity.and sometimes grandiosity.

Bipolar Disorder A mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening.A mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening.

Causes of Mood Disorders Most psychologists now believe that mood disorders result from a combination ofMost psychologists now believe that mood disorders result from a combination of biological factors,biological factors, psychological factors,psychological factors, and social factors.and social factors.

Biological Factors Genetics appears to play a role in the development of mood disorders.Genetics appears to play a role in the development of mood disorders. The strongest evidence for the role of genetics comes from twin studies.The strongest evidence for the role of genetics comes from twin studies. Certain chemical imbalances in the brain have been linked to mood disorders.Certain chemical imbalances in the brain have been linked to mood disorders.

Psychological Factors Cognitive distortions may lead to the development of mood disorders.Cognitive distortions may lead to the development of mood disorders. cognitive distortions: An illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events.cognitive distortions: An illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events.

Types of Illogical Thinking arbitrary inference selective abstraction overgeneralization magnification and minimization

Social Factors Difficulties in interpersonal relationships may lead to mood disorders.Difficulties in interpersonal relationships may lead to mood disorders. The link between depression and troubled relationships may explain why women are more likely to suffer from depression-- women tend to be more relationship- oriented than men.The link between depression and troubled relationships may explain why women are more likely to suffer from depression-- women tend to be more relationship- oriented than men.

Gender, Race, & Suicide

Anxiety Disorders Disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate abnormal behavior. phobiasphobias panic disorderpanic disorder generalized anxiety disordergeneralized anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorderobsessive-compulsive disorder

Types of Phobias specific: intense, paralyzing fear of some object or thingspecific: intense, paralyzing fear of some object or thing social: excessive, inappropriate fears connected with social situations or performances in front of other peoplesocial: excessive, inappropriate fears connected with social situations or performances in front of other people agoraphobia: involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of securityagoraphobia: involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security

Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks.An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks. panic attack: A sudden, unpredictable, and overwhelming experience of intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause.panic attack: A sudden, unpredictable, and overwhelming experience of intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance.An anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or to perform senseless rituals (compulsions).An anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or to perform senseless rituals (compulsions).

Causes of Anxiety Disorders prepared responses: responses that evolution has made us biologically predisposed to acquire through learningprepared responses: responses that evolution has made us biologically predisposed to acquire through learning not feeling in control of one’s lifenot feeling in control of one’s life may be caused by an inherited predispositionmay be caused by an inherited predisposition internal psychological conflictinternal psychological conflict

Psychosomatic vs. Somatoform psychosomatic: Disorders in which there is REAL physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety.psychosomatic: Disorders in which there is REAL physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety. somatoform: Disorders in which there is an APPARENT physical illness for which there is no organic basis.somatoform: Disorders in which there is an APPARENT physical illness for which there is no organic basis.

Somatoform Disorders somatization disordersomatization disorder conversion disorderconversion disorder hypochondriasishypochondriasis body dysmorphic disorderbody dysmorphic disorder

Somatization Disorder A somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause.A somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause.

Conversion Disorder Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems.Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems.

Hypochondriasis A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness.A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness.