* Additional immigrants are mostly illegals and legalized aliens Europe/Canada (Legal) Additional* All Other (Legal) (est.) ? st Century: Current In-Flows Are Very High

DEPORTATIONS --“In 2009, the authorities deported 389,834 people, about 20,000 more than in 2008, the final year of the Bush administration.” --“In the past 10-months, ICE has deported 142,526 immigrants convicted of crimes, a record number, the figures show. At the same time, deportations of immigrants with civil violations, but no crimes, dropped by 34 percent.” Source: New York Times, August 9, 2010

DEPORTATIONS --“More than 1 million people have been deported since President Obama took office three year’s ago, compared with 1.59 million people deported during president Bush’s eight years in office.” Source: New York Times, October 23, 2011

DEMOGRAPHICS --In 1970, a Mexican women, on average, gave birth to 6.8 babies. --Today [2010], the country’s [MX] is The US birthrate is The birthrate for 2 nd generation Latina women is US is approximately The birthrate for 3 rd generation Latina women is US is equal to US average. Source: New York Times, Jan. 12, 2012

POLITICS --HAZELTON, PA WAS FIRST CITY TO ENACT LOCAL ORDINANCES PROHIBITING BUSINESSES FROM HIRING UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS AND PHOHIBITING LANDLORDS FROM RENTING TO UNDOCUMENTED. --FEDERAL JUDGE RULED IT UNCONSTITUTIONAL, BUT IS UNDER APPEAL --OTHER JUDGES HAVE RULED IN FAVOR OF SIMILAR ORDINANCES --SUPREME COURT WILL LIKELY TAKE UP CASES AND ISSUE RULING THIS YEAR OR NEXT

POLITICS --AGJOBS BILL, PROVIDES PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP FOR INDIVIDUALS WORKING IN AGRICULTURE AND STAY IN THAT WORK FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME. --DREAM ACT, ALLOWS FOR UNDOCUMENTED STUDENTS AS WELL AS PEOPLE THAT SERVE IN THE US MILITARY TO QUALIFY FOR IN-STATE-TUITION AND ENTER A PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP AFTER COLLEGE --COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM, PROVIDES FOR PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP FOR THE ROUGHLY 11 TO 12 MILLION UNDOCUMENTED PEOPLE IN OUR COUNTRY, BORDER SECURITY, FAMILY INIFICATION, AND EMPLOYER SANCTIONS. WHAT WILL HAPPEN? WHEN? WHY?

STATE LAWS PASSED 1.) ALABAMA, 2011 = most restrictive, some provisions upheld, while others were ruled unlawful 2.) ARIZONA, 2010 = most ruled unlawful 3.) GEORGIA, 2010 = no real challenges yet 4.) SOUTH CAROLINA, 2010 = no real challenges 5.) UTAH, 2011 = first state to pass a “guest worker” program, among other provisions **CALIFORNIA = passed “dream act”, among other immigrant-friendly provisions

VISA PROGRAMS 1.)TEMPORARY RESIDENCE STATUS = “STUDENT VISA” 2.) PERMANENT RESIDENCE STATUS = “GREEN CARD” 3.) NATURALIZED CITIZEN = CITIZEN 4.) H-2-A = TEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL WORKERS 5.) H-1-B = SKILLED WORKERS 6.) H-2-B = SEASONAL UNSKILLED

VISA PROGRAMS, GREEN CARD --VERY DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN --CURRENT WAIT IS ABOUT 12- YRS. --ANCHOR BABY IS A MYTH MILLION IN US --FEES INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY

GREEN CARDS, Sending Countries, 2006 Mexico = 173,753 China = 87,345 Philippines = 74,607 India = 61,369 Cuba = 45,614 Colombia = 43,151 Dominican Republic = 38,069 El Salvador = 31,783 Vietnam = 30,695 Jamaica = 24,976 South Korea = 24,386 Guatemala = 24,146 Other countries = 606,370 Source:

VISA PROGRAMS, H-2-A --CREATED IN 1986 BY THE IMMIGRATION REFORM AND CONTROL ACT OF 1986, IRCA --FOR SEASONAL AND TEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL WORKERS --DEPARTMENT OF LABOR HAS TO CERTIFY AS WELL AS ROLE FOR STATE WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD --HISTORICALLY, SUGAR CANE AND APPLE INDUSTRIES RELIED HEAVILY ON THIS PROGRAM

VISA PROGRAMS, H-1-B --CREATED IN FOR HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS --CAPPED AT 65,000 PLUS 20,000 FOR MS AND PHD’S FROM US UNIVERSITIES --REACHED CAP IN A WEEK --WILL ISSUE THROUGH LOTTERY SOURCE: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 1, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, H-2-B --CREATED IN 1991 FOR SEASONL NON- AGRICULTURAL WORKERS --INITIAL LAW LIMITS VISAS TO 33,000 FOR WINTER AND 33,000 FOR SUMMER --EACH YEAR SINCE PASSAGE, WAIVERS HAVE BEEN ISSUED BY CONGRESS TO DO AWAY WITH CAP. --IN 2005 RETURNING WORKERS BECAME EXEMPT FROM CAP WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE SAVE OUR SMALL AND SEASONAL BUSINESSES ACT --THE SAVE OUR SMALL AND SEASONAL BUSINESSES ACT EXPIRED ON SEPTEMBER 30, ‘07 SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 41, 2008

THE BORDER --THE SECURE FENCE ACT OF 2006 AUTHORIZES THE CONSTRUCTION OF 700 MILES OF FENCE. --SECRETARY CHERTOFF ISSUED WAIVERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS FOR 470 MILES OF BORDER. --FACES SUPREME COURT REVIEW SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES, APRIL 2, 2008

THE BORDER --THERE ARE ROUGHLY 15,400 BORDER PATROL AGENTS NOW AND 21,000 BY IN 2001, THERE WERE 9,000 AGENTS --COST OF PROGRAM IS IS QUITE SIGNIFICANT

THE BORDER “President Obama signed into law a $500 million bill on Friday to pay for 1,500 new border agents, additional unmanned surveillance drones and new border patrol stations along the southwest border. …under a proposal…the new resources will be paid for by steep increases on visa fees for high-tech workers brought to the US by Indian companies who bring in thousands of temporary employees each year.” SOURCE; NEW YORK TIMES, August 14, 2010

POLICE AS ENFORCERS --THE 287(g) PROGRAM AUTHORIZES HOMELAND SECURITY TO `DEPUTIZE’ LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT TO CARRY OUT IMMIGRATION LAW MATTERS --REQUIRES FEDERAL OVERSIGHT --MARICOPA COUNTY [PHOENIX] HAS THE LARGEST 187(g) PROGRAM, 160 OFFICERS --OFfICERS CAN ASK FOR `PAPERS’ DURING A ROUTINE TRAFFIC STOP --MAYOR OF PHOENIX OPPOSES PROGRAM SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES APRIL 9, 2008

SECURE COMMUNITIES --INTENDED TO CAPTURE AND DEPORT UNDOCUMENTED THAT COMMITTED FELONIES, CAPTURED MORE THAN ONCE IN THE US, OR OVERSTAY THEIR VISAS --REQUIRES JURISDICTIONS TO FINGERPRINT UNDOCUMENTED DETAINEESAND AND SEND THEM TO WASHINGTON, DC --VERY CONTROVERTIAL PROGRAM BECAUSE IT HAS LED TO THE DEPORTATION OF MANY NON-FELONS --SOME STATES, COUNTIES, AND/OR CITIES HAVE SAID THEY WILL NOT PARTICIAPTE IN PROGRAM—E.G. ILLIONOIS, BOSTON --OBAMA ADMINISTRATION SAYS IT IS WORKING AS THAT THEY WILL IMPLEMENT IN ENTIRE US --MANY IMMIGRANT RIGHTS GROUPS ARE FIGHTING TO HAVE PROGRAM DIS-CONTINUED

REAL ID, FEDERAL LAW REQUIRING ALL STATES TO BE COMPLIANT IN ISSUING DRIVERS’ LICENSE. --EACH STATE HAD TO PASS ENABLING LEGISLATION. --TO OBTAIN NEW OR RENEW, APPLICANT MUST SHOW PROOF OF LEGAL STATUS. --ALL STATES MUST BE ISSUING COMPLIANT LICENSES BY JAN. 1, 2010

DREAM ACT --Proposed federal law that would allow undocumented students [came to US before they were 16-yrs.] to pay in- state-tuition and enter pathway to citizenship if they obtain undergraduate degree and/or join armed forces. --Estimate is that 726,000 students would be immediately eligible for the program… [ New York Times, 8-9-’10] --A moratorium on deporting such eligible students has been requested by Sen. Richard Durbion [D, IL] and Richard Lugar [R, ID]... [ New York Times, 8-9-’10] --The Obama administration…is sparing one group one group of illegal immigrants from expulsion: students who came to the US w/o papers when they were children... [ New York Times, 8-9-’10]

DREAM ACT --In WI, law passed in 2009 went into effect July 1, ’09 that allows undocumented students to pay in-state-tuition….in July 1, ‘11, this law was repealed, …many other states have similar laws…challenged in CA, but Supreme Court upheld in 2011.

ARIZONA LAW, S Passed in Spring 2010, to take effect on 7-31-’10 --Required law enforcement jurisdictions in AZ to require papers—documenting legal status—if officer has a “reasonable suspicion” that stopped person doesn’t have papers. --Allows for ordinary citizens to sue law enforcement jurisdictions if they are NOT implementing S Federal judge issued injunction against implementing on 7-30-’10 --Many challenged law on ground that is institutionalized “racial profiling” and usurped Federal authority

THINK ABOUT THIS “Sen. L. Graham [R. SC]…said it was `a mistake’ to allow American-born children of illegal immigrants to become citizens automatically, a practice known as birthright citizenship. He said that along with a plan to grant legal status to millions of illegal immigrants, he would also amend the 14 th amendment as a ways of discouraging future unauthorized immigration.” Source; New York Timee, 8-7-’10

THINK ABOUT THIS “…in a recent CNN poll, 62-percent of respondents said that the policies that made America a `melting pot’ in the early 20 th century were a good thing, while only 31- percent said the same policies were making the country stronger now. …the same basis question of who gets to share in the American experience…” Source; New York Times, Op-Ed, 8-8-’10

THINK ABOUT THIS “Staten Island Neighborhood Reels After a Wave of Attacks on Latinos” --”Civic leaders and police officials say they are exploring many possible reasons in the violence: anti-immigrant fervor, racism, gangs, the boredom of idle youth during the summer, joblessness, overcrowding and even the notion that attacking latinos acquired a cachet in the neighborhood this year, prompting copy-cat assaults. …all conversations about motive have eventually urned to a dynamic familiar to many neighborhoods in NY; demographic change”; Source; New York Timee, 7-31-’10

Review Questions 1.) What statistic do you think is more appropriate in assessing the impact of immigration into the US; absolute numbers or the percentage of the total US population that immigrants represent? 2.) Why is the Hazelton, PA case important? 3.) What’s the difference between an H-2-A and an H-2-B visa? 4.) Roughly, how many miles of fencing has already been built along the US/Mexico border? 5.) What’s the 287(g) program? 6.) What’s RealID?