1 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Chapter 15 The Family

2 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Family as a System Children impact parents -Marital relationship & parenting style Parents impact children & each other Impacts Change Over Time Family life cycle -Composition, roles change -Newlywed v. empty nest -Child v. adolescence World is changing

3 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Changing System in Changing World More single adults, empty nest included Postponed marriage (24 women, 26 men) Decline in child-bearing (1.8 v. 3.0 in 1950s) More divorce, remarriages More single-parent families, child poverty More women working (62% v. 12% in 1950s) More multigenerational families

4 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Relationships in Infancy Mothers spend more time & focus on caregiving Fathers focus on playful interaction Fathering related to (in his children) -Warmth and affection -Social competence, achievement -Fewer psychological disorders The three-person system -Indirect effects -Mothers w/ good marriage more patient, sensitive

5 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Parenting Styles Acceptance/responsiveness Demandingness/control Combined = 4 parenting styles -Authoritarian parenting: Low accept, high demand -Authoritative parenting: High accept, high demand -Permissive parenting: High accept, low demand -Neglectful parenting: Low on both

6 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Figure 15.2

7 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Outcomes of Parenting Styles Children of authoritative parents -Adjusted, responsible, high achievement Children of authoritarian parents -Moody, unhappy, aimless Children of permissive parents -Low self-control, independence, achievement Children of neglectful/uninvolved parents -Behavior problems, antisocial

8 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Effects of Social Class Lower class parents (on average) -Stress obedience to authority -Restrictive and authoritarian -Use reasoning less -Show less warmth/affection -Develop job skills, economic stress Middle-class parents (on average) -Stress individual initiative

9 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Models of Influence on Family Parent effects model -Parental influence and style Child effects model -Nature of the child (temperament) -Parenting style impacted by child Transactional model -Reciprocal influences -Antisocial behavior due to combination

10 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Sibling Relationships Firstborn stress at new sibling -Temporary behavior problems -Sibling rivalry (LOTS) -Less conflict by adolescence -Typically ambivalence Benefits of siblings -Emotional support -Teachers to younger siblings

11 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family The Adolescent Relations with parents remains close Conflict over minor issues -Chores, curfew, use of car Renegotiate the relationship -Change in balance of power -Authoritative style most effective -Autonomy, independence achieved

12 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Establishing Marriage and Family Happy honeymoon short lived Problems in doomed marriages -Usually exist beforehand -Negative treatment common early on New parenthood -Stressful, joyful -Coping skills, resources important

13 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Child Rearing and Launching A heavier workload More stress Marital happiness declines Best if both parents share workload The empty nest -Marital happiness increases

14 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Grandparenthood Average age: 47 Grandparenting styles -Remote -Companionate (most common: 55%) -Involved (16% can be stressful) -Parent-grandparent relationship important Most find it gratifying

15 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Changing Family Relationships Marriage: Stability -Happiness early predicts happiness later -Unhappiness… -Personality traits (low N linked with satisfaction) -Similarity key Widowhood (By Age 75) -70% of men are married -70% of women are widowed

16 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Sibling and Parent Relationships Siblings equal in adulthood -Ambivalence remains -The longest lasting relationship Parent-child remain close -Related to self-esteem -Modified extended families Caring for aging parents -Most stressed those who help due to obligation

17 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Diversity in Family Life Childless couples -Higher marital satisfaction during child years Single adults (diverse group) -Never married -Cohabitation -Divorced (most lonely) Gay and Lesbian Families (diverse) -More egalitarian but otherwise similar -90%+ children are heterosexual

18 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Divorce High risk couples -Married 7 years -Pregnant before marriage -Married in teens Post-divorce crisis -1 to 2 years -At risk for depression

19 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Children of Divorce Angry, fearful, depressed, guilty Custodial mother overwhelmed Behavior problems Peer relationships suffer/change Mat be lasting negative effects 1-2 years adjustment

20 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Family Violence Child Abuse: Much unreported -Sexual abuse Spouse abuse -Most common worldwide Elder abuse and neglect -Cognitive impairment risk factor

21 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family The Abuser Typical child abuser -Young single, poor, unemployed, mother Cycle of abuse Often a battered woman Low self-esteem Unrealistic expectations for parenthood

22 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family The Abused Target child -Hyperactive, difficult -Disabled or sickly Parent feels powerless Parent feels threatened

23 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family The Context of Abuse Life changes Poverty A violent society Lack of social support

24 of 22 Carol K. Sigelman, Elizabeth A. Rider Life-Span Human Development, 4th Edition Chapter 15: The Family Effects of Family Violence Physical damage to abused Behavior problems common Social skills deficient Lack of normal empathy Problematic for normal development