Energy Consumption in the United States Sequence of use 1.Wood 2.Water (steam) 3.Coal 4.Natural gas 5.Oil 6.Nuclear power 3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

Global Primary Energy Supply

Energy Consumption in the United States

My Parents Childhood Energy Use Electric –None Natural Gas –None Gasoline –None Wood –Stove for both heat and cooking House size - ~500 square feet Indirect energy use - minimal

My Childhood Energy Use – 1970’s Electric –Appliances 1 refrigerators, clothes washer, 1-hair dryers, vacuum cleaner, 2-power tools, lighting. –Entertainment TV (19”), fish tank, stereo, 1-video game systems (pong) –Other Electronics 1-fixed phone Natural Gas Water heater, heating system, gas range and oven. Gasoline automobile (sedan), push lawn mower, small boat (50hp) Wood –Stove for heat House size – 1500 square feet Indirect energy use - moderate

My Energy Use Today Electric –Appliances 2 refrigerators, dishwasher, microwave, dryer, washing machine, 5-air conditioners, 2-hair dryers, 2-vacuum cleaners, 12 power tools, lighting, 2-attic fans. –Entertainment 3-TV’s (32”, 19”, 10”), hot tub, pool, pond, fish tank, 2-stereos, 4-video game systems, 2-VCR’s, 1-DVD, 2-cable TV adaptors, digital camera, video camera, 3- portable video game systems –Other Electronics 2-portable phones, 4-cellular phones, palm pilot, 4-computers, printer, shredder, 2- Ipods, 2-digital cameras. Natural Gas Water heater, heating system, gas range, oven, gas grill. Gasoline 2-automobiles (SUV, sedan), lawn tractor, snow thrower, sailboat (30hp), lawn trimmer, leaf blower, chain saw. Wood –Fireplace for entertainment and outside fire pit House size – 3100 square feet Indirect energy use - large

Electricity Movement of electrons –How is electricity measured? Amperage Amps (current) –Rate of flow of electrons Volts –“Pressure” of electrons backing up during flow Watts –Amount of work (power) –Transfer of energy –1 joule of energy per second KWH – Kilowatt hours –KWH is a unit of energy –Amount of energy transferred in 1 hour at a rate of 1000 joules per second.

KWH = Kilowatt hour = 3.6 megajoules ELECTRIC USAGE ACTUAL reading ACTUAL reading KWH Used in 56 day(s) 1594 DELIVERY & SYSTEM CHARGES Basic Service : 56 $.1790$ $ $ Subtotal ~ 28 KWH per day

Types of electric current DC – direct current –Electrons move in one direction –Example – battery AC – alternating current –Electrons reverse current ~60 times per second –Example – household current

Generating Electricity Moving magnetic field causes electrons to flow through a wire Generator –Coil of wire spinning inside a magnetic field generates electricity Alternate source of energy required to turn coil of wire –Hydroelectric turbine –Oil, gas or coal powered turbine –Wind driven propeller (windmill)

Electrical Power Production: The Beginning Michael Faraday 1831

Why Fossil Fuels? High energy Available Portable Historical

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

Crude-Oil Reserves versus Production Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field

Cost of Oil Imports

Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of Petroleum Products

Impacts of Foreign Oil Dependence Trade imbalances Military actions Pollution of oceans Coastal oil spills

Hubbert Curves of Oil Production Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and might peak around 2010.

Hubbert Predictions U.S. oil production would peak (1970s) Dependence on OPEC oil will increase

Who Has the Oil?Reserves North America75.7 South and Central America89.5 Western Europe18.9 Former Soviet Countries58.9 Middle East673.6 Africa75.4 Far East and Oceania43.0 Total1,033.2

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC Algeria Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Emirates Venezuela

Other Fossil Fuels Natural gas – 50-year supply Coal – 400-year supply Oil shales and oil sands – complex extraction technologies