Chapter 1 Physical Fitness & Wellness Outline: Life Expectancy vs. Healthy Life Expectancy Leading Health Problems in the U.S. Physical Activity & Exercise Defined 2007 ACSM/AHA Physical Activity & Public Health Recommendations Federal Guidelines for Physical Activity Wellness The 7 Dimensions of Wellness Wellness, Fitness, & Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Fitness Standards: Health vs. Physical Fitness Which Program Is Best? Benefits of a Comprehensive Wellness Program The Wellness Challenge for Our Day National Health Objectives for 2010 Wellness Education: Using this Book Exercise Safety Assessment of Resting Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Chapter 1 Physical Fitness & Wellness

Physical Fitness & Wellness Technology has almost completely eliminated the need for physical exertion in daily life as most activities can be accomplished by machines

Physical Fitness & Wellness Research findings in the last three decades have shown that physical inactivity and negative lifestyle habits increase the risk for chronic diseases and premature mortality Physical inactivity is the second greatest threat to public health in the U.S. and has been termed SeDs or “Sedentary Death Syndrome”

Life Expectancy Beginning of the 20th century Mid-to-late 20th century Life expectancy was 47 years Major life threats were infectious diseases: tuberculosis, diphtheria, influenza, polio, etc. Mid-to-late 20th century Infectious diseases eliminated with medical breakthroughs Life expectancy increased but living the so-called “good life” encouraged chronic diseases: hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, cancer, etc.

Causes of death in the United States for selected years Physical inactivity and poor lifestyle habits have caused an increase in the incidence of chronic diseases

Factors that determine our health and longevity Three basic factors determine health and longevity: Genetics, the environment, and behavior

Life Expectancy vs. Healthy Life Expectancy 2007 data indicate average life expectancy in the U.S. is 75.2 years for men and 80.4 years for women Healthy life expectancy is defined as the years of illness subtracted from total life expectancy The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated in 2000 that the healthy life expectancy of the U.S. was ranked 24th in the world

Healthy life expectancy for selected countries

Leading Health Problems in the United States Leading causes of death are mostly lifestyle related Seven of ten Americans die of preventable chronic disease Leading causes of death are heart disease, cancer, respiratory disease, and accidents

Leading causes of death in the U.S. in 2003

Underlying causes of death in the U.S., 2000 The “big three” causes of death in the U.S.—tobacco use, poor diet and inactivity, and alcohol abuse—are responsible for about 632,000 deaths each year

Lifestyle as a Health Problem Over half of disease is lifestyle related A fifth is attributed to the environment One tenth is influenced by the health care an individual receives Only 16% is related to genetic factors The individual controls as much as 84% of vulnerability to disease and quality of life 83% of deaths before age 65 are preventable

Factors that affect health and well-being

Physical Activity & Exercise Defined Physical activity: Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles; requires expenditure of energy and produces progressive health benefits Exercise: A type of physical activity that requires planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement with the intent of improving or maintaining one or more components of physical fitness

An active lifestyle increases health, quality of life, and longevity

Importance of Increased Physical Activity Poor health from lack of physical activity is a serious public health problem Regular moderate physical activity provides many benefits for most inactive people Benefits include: reducing risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure improving health of muscles, bones, joints improving mood improving daily tasks controlling health care costs maintaining high quality of life

Prevalence of recommended physical activity in the U.S., 2003

Monitoring Daily Physical Activity A pedometer is a small mechanical device that senses vertical body motion and counts foot steps. Wearing a pedometer daily allows you to determine the total steps you take. Pedometers are used to monitor daily physical activity; the recommendation is a minimum of 10,000 steps per day

Wellness Wellness: The constant and deliberate effort to stay healthy and achieve the highest potential for well-being; it integrates seven dimensions

The Dimensions of Wellness

The Seven Dimensions of Wellness Physical wellness: Good physical fitness and confidence in one’s personal ability to take care of health problems Emotional wellness: The ability to understand one’s own feelings, accept limitations, and achieve emotional stability Mental wellness: A state in which one’s mind is engaged in lively interaction with the surrounding world; also called intellectual wellness Social wellness: The ability to relate well to others, both within and outside the family unit

The Seven Dimensions of Wellness Environmental wellness: The capability to live in a clean and safe environment that is not detrimental to health Occupational wellness: The ability to perform one’s job skillfully and effectively under conditions that provide personal and team satisfaction and adequately reward each individual Spiritual wellness: The sense that life is meaningful, that life has purpose, and that some power brings all humanity together; the ethics, values, and morals that guide one and give meaning and direction to life

Types of Physical Fitness Physical fitness: The ability to meet the ordinary as well as the unusual demands of daily life safely and effectively without being overly fatigued and still have energy left for leisure and recreational activities Health-related fitness: Fitness programs that are prescribed to improve the overall health of the individual; encompasses cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, muscular flexibility, and body composition

Health-related components of physical fitness

Motor skill-related components of physical fitness Skill-related fitness: Fitness components important for success in skillful activities and athletic events; encompasses agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed

Components of physiologic fitness Physiological fitness: Term used in the medical field to mean biological systems affected by physical activity and the role of activity in preventing disease Components are metabolic fitness, morphological fitness, and bone integrity

Fitness Standards: Health vs. Physical Fitness Health fitness standard Minimum fitness values required for disease prevention and health Attaining the health fitness standard requires only moderate physical activity like a 2-mile walk in less than 30 minutes 5-6 times per week Benefits include reduced cholesterol and blood pressure, weight loss, stress release, lower risk for diabetes, disease, and early death

Health & fitness benefits based on the type of lifestyle and physical activity program

Physical Fitness Standard Individuals who wish to participate in vigorous fitness activities should train to achieve the high physical fitness standard.

Health Benefits Relieves tension and stress Raises energy levels and job productivity Encourages positive lifestyle habits Promotes psychological wellness Helps maintain independent living Extends longevity and slows down the aging process Improves quality of life

U.S. health care cost increments since 1950 Sedentary living strongly impacts a nation’s economy Health care costs in the U.S. rose from $12 billion in 1950 to over $2 trillion in 2006

Economic Benefits U.S. spends more on yearly health care per person than any other industrialized nation Yet U.S. health care ranks 37th in the world One reason for low ranking is overemphasis on state-of-the art cures instead of prevention programs 95% health care dollars spent on treatment and less than 5% spent on prevention More than 44 million residents do not have health insurance

Selected health objectives for the year 2010