ICESTAR program in Japan during IPY Akira Kadokura, 1 Natsuo Sato, 1 Takehiko Aso, 1 Hisao Yamagishi, 1 Hiroshi Miyaoka, 1 Makoto Taguchi, 1 Masaki Tsutsumi, 1 Yasunobu Ogawa, 1 Akira-S Yukimatsu, 1 Masaki Okada, 1 Yoshihiro Tomikawa, 1 SatokoTakasaki, 2 Yusuke Ebihara, 3 Keisuke Hosokawa, and 4 Kaoru Sato 1 National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan 2 Nagoya University 3 University of Electro-Communications 4 University of Tokyo, Japan

ICESTAR / IHY ICESTAR: Interhemispheric Conjugacy Effects in Solar-Terrestrial and Aeronomy Research IHY: International Heliophysical Year Presented as Expression of Intent (EoI) for IPY Merged into ICESTAR/IHY as one of the core projects. Title of activity : ICESTAR/IHY - Interhemispheric Conjugacy in Geospace Phenomena and their Heliospheric Drivers ICESTAR co-chairs: Kirsti Kauristie (FMI) Allan Weatherwax (Siena College)

Four Thematic Action Groups of ICESTAR A. Quantify and understand the similarities and differences between the Northern and Southern polar upper atmospheres. Contact : Martin Fullekrug (University of Bath, U.K.) B. Quantify the effects on the polar ionosphere and atmosphere of the magnetospheric electromagnetic fields and plasma populations. Contact : Eftyhia Zesta (UCLA, USA) C. Quantify the atmospheric consequences of the global electric circuit and further understand the electric circuit in the middle atmosphere. Contact : Scott Palo (University of Colorado, USA), Nikolai stgaard (University of Bergen, Norway) C. Quantify the atmospheric consequences of the global electric circuit and further understand the electric circuit in the middle atmosphere. Contact : Scott Palo (University of Colorado, USA), Nikolai Østgaard (University of Bergen, Norway) D. Create a data portal that will integrate all of the polar data sets and modeling results. Contact : Aaron Ridley (University of Michigan, USA), Allan Weatherwax (Siena College)

EoI #422 Interhemispheric study on conjugacy and non- conjugacy of auroral and polar ionospheric disturbances using ground-based observation network Interhemispheric Study on Auroral Phenomena Lead contact : Akira Kadokura (NIPR) EoI (Expression of Intent) from NIPR for the ICESTAR/IHY

EoI #422  To maintain and intensify the conjugate observation network in both hemispheres ・ Syowa – Iceland conjugate pair ・ Unmanned magnetometer network in Antarctica ・ SuperDARN HF-radar network ・ Imaging Riometer network ・ South Pole – Canada pair, Zhongshan – Svalbard pair  To contribute to the international Data portal, Virtual observatory project with supplying our data in near- real time

EoI #550 Coordinated radar studies of the Arctic and Antarctic middle and upper atmosphere during IPY-4 period (CRSAAMU) Lead contact : Takehiko Aso (NIPR) To do coordinated studies using MF radar, Meteo radar, EISCAT radar, etc.

EoI #355 Program of the ANtarctic SYowa MST (Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere) / IS (Incoherent Scatter) radar (PANSY) Lead contact : Kaoru Sato (Univ. Tokyo) To do feasibility studies for the MST/IS radar (PANSY) at Syowa Station

Conjugate pair relating with our EoI #422 Geomagnetic mapping

Conjugate Observation at Syowa and Iceland

Conjugate point of Syowa Station in Iceland (IGRF) Aedey Husafell SYO 1984 SYO 2007 Tjornes

Conjugate point of Iceland in the Antarctic (IGRF) TJR 2007 HUS 1984 AED 1984 AED 2007 TJR 1984 HUS 2007 Syowa

SYOHUSTJRAED Fluxgate magnetometer ○○○○ Induction magnetometer ○○○○ Riometer ○○○○ VLF receiver ○○○○ Imaging Riometer ○○○ All-sky TV camera (night-viewer) ○○○ All-sky monochromatic Imager ○○ Meridian Scanning Photometer ○ Fabry-Perot Imager ○ SuperDARN radar ○ △ MF-radar ○ Ionosonde (NiCT) ○ VHF Doppler radar (NiCT) ○ FM/CW radar (NiCT) ○ Instruments at conjugate stations

Flow of the Syowa - Iceland conjugate data NIPR by air after 1 month ADSL by ship after 1 year INTELSAT 1 Mbps Monitoring data, IRIO, All-sky TV All-sky CCD imager All the data Monitoring data, IRIO, HF, MF, ATV (webcamera) SYOWA ICELAND

Syowa-Iceland Auroral Conjugate Observation  Starting from 1984 (22 year history)  Executed every year in the equinox season, mainly in September, for about 2 weeks  Simultaneous darkness for about 4 hours  Only 2 ～ 3 nights of simultaneous observation in one season, mainly due to weather condition  Good conjugate event is rare

TJR SYW TJR SYW MN S W E N MS W E September 26, 2003 event : The best conjugate event in the 22 year history Observed with All-sky TV

For more quantitative longer period observation Well-calibrated monochromatic imager Fish-eye lens 16mm F2.8 Relay lens Interference filter (λ ＝ 557.7nm,FWHM ～ 2nm) F1 L3 L1 L2 Imaging lens 50mm F1.2 CCD camera C ×512 Pixels ( 1pixel ~ 24μm ) 16Bit CCD camera controller PC

Thermostat×2,S ensor×2 optics CCD camera controller Automatic moon mask Stage controller Fan Thermometer Heater Cable hole Put in a temperature controlled box

CAI ( Installed at Husafell in 2005 CAI (Conjugate Auroral Imager) Installed at Husafell in Filter : nm or 4278 nm Exposure time : 1 sec Interval : 6 sec Observation time : Solar Zenith Angle > 99° Operation : Automatic and Remote all through the season all through the season by M. Taguchi

Now we can obtain auroral data at conjugate stations all through the year Iceland Syowa Conjugate month

Develop the unmanned magnetometer network

Mizuho Dome Fuji Syowa Yamato Mt. JARE-44 ( ) BAS-LPM Skallen [69°40′24″S, 39°24′07″E] Cape Omega [68°34′39.4″S, 41°04′54.1″E] H100 [69 ° 17'44"S, 41 ° 19'15"E] Dome Fuji [ 77°19'01"S, 39°42'12"E ] H100 JARE-46 ( ) NIPR-LPM S16 [ 69 ゜ 01 ’ 80 “ S, 40 ゜ 03 ‘ 65 “ E] JARE-45 ( ) BAS-LPM H100 [69°17'44"S, 41°19'15"E] Mizuho [70°42‘7.7"S, 44°17‘4.1"E] Middle Point [74°00’37.0"S, 42°59’30.4"E] Dome Fuji [77°19'01.6"S, 39°42’31.7"E] JARE-48 ( ) NIPR-LPM Skallen [69°40′24″S, 39°24′07″E] H57 [69°09‘38"S, 40°58‘52"E] MD364 Unmanned magnetometers in JARE SerRondane NIPR-LPM in IPY

Comparison of BAS and NIPR type LPMs BAS-LPMNIPR-LPM MagnetometerMAG-03MC Resolution16 bit Noise level1 nT0.2 nT Low Pass Filter100 Hz15 Hz Power consumption (1 sec sampling) 0.42 W0.16 W Data acquisitionFlash memory card Iridium satellite Flash memory card Command sending × ○

NIPR -LPM Iridium satellite Transmit time (1 sec sampling) : about 20 min for 1 day data Field NIPR

NIPR-LPM

BAS-LPM and All-sky TV in 2003 Middle scale evolution Dome Fuji Syowa

BAS-LPM and All-sky TV in 2003 : Small scale evolution

HF-radar network in the both hemisphere （ SuperDARN ）

Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) observed by SuperDARN Morphological features Morphological features Strong radar backscatter Strong radar backscatter Altitude : around 86km Altitude : around 86km In summer polar region In summer polar region Low Doppler velocity and narrow width Low Doppler velocity and narrow width

Conjugate study of the PMSE by SuperDARN Hosokawa et al., GRL, 2005

Observation of the Pulsating aurora by the SuperDARN radar

0310 – 0314 UT beam 7 aligned Doppler velocity (2-sec values) Radar velocity vs H-component Observation of the Pulsating aurora by the SuperDARN radar

All-Sky Imager at South Pole Syowa-South Sanae Halley Bay FOV of All-Sky Imager at South Pole at 120 km

Conjugate Observation between South Pole and Iqaluit (planned) Iqaluit (Canada) field line South Pole  Project team : Y. Ebihara, N. Sato, et al. (NIPR, Japan) A.T. Weatherwax (Siena College, USA) P.T. Jayachandran (Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada)

Program of the Antarctic Syowa MST/IS Radar （ PANSY) Mesosphere, Stratosphere and Troposphere / Incoherent Scatter Radar K Sato, M Tsutsumi, T Sato, A Saito, Y Tomikawa,K Nishimura,T Aso, T Yamanouchi, M Ejiri PANSY is derived from the French word, ’pensee’, meaning ‘thought’

Specifications of PANSY SystemPulse Doppler radar. Active phased array system Center freq. ～ 50MH ｚ AntennaA quasi-circular array consisting of about 1000 crossed Yagi antennas. Diameter about 160m TransmitterAbout 1000 solid-state TR modules Peak Power : 500kW ReceiverAbout 50 channel digital receiving system - Height coverage : 1 ～ 500km - Three dimensional winds and plasma parameters - Fine time and height resolutions

Feasibility Study Field survey Syowa station Light-weight test antenna Prototype power-efficient (class-E) amplifier

Pilot System for PANSY ( ) Comprehensive test - Light-weight and robust antennas - Power-efficient class-E amplifiers Scientific study as a meteor wind radar as well

To maintain and intensify the Syowa – Iceland conjugate observations. To develop the unmanned magnetometer network in the Antarctic. To maintain other facilities at Syowa Station, including the two SuperDARN radars, etc. To do coordinated studies using MF radar, Meteo radar, EISCAT radar, etc. To do feasibility studies for the MST/IS radar (PANSY) at Syowa To transfer the data to Japan in near real time To make the data accessible for the community more quickly and more easily. Summary : Japanese activity for the ICESTAR