Impact of Sensor Networks on Future InterNet Design David E. Culler University of California, Berkeley Arched Rock Corporation NSF FIND Info Meeting

12/5/05NSF FIND 2 What does the Internet look like in 10 years?

12/5/05NSF FIND 3 In 10 years… 90% of the nodes on the “Internet” will embedded devices connected to the physical world Universal, host-host file-transfer and console access is the dominant usage pattern….. NOT! So does it make sense to pay attention to the characteristics of these kind of nodes and applications in designing the future Internet?

12/5/05NSF FIND 4 Transit Network (IP or not) Access point - Base station - Proxy Sensor Patch Patch Network Data Service Intranet/Internet (IP) Client Data Browsing and Processing Sensor Node Gateway Verification links Other information sources Sensor Node Canonical Sensor Net Architecture Today An Analysis of a Large Scale Habitat Monitoring Application, Szewczyk, Polastre, Mainwaring, Anderson, and Culler, Sensys04An Analysis of a Large Scale Habitat Monitoring Application

12/5/05NSF FIND 5 The Next Tier Small sensors will be the most common nodes on the internet How will they be represented and accessed? Clients Servers Sensor Nets

12/5/05NSF FIND 6 How will SensorNets and IP play together? , CC, … EthernetSonet IP TCP / UDP HTTP / FTP / SNMP XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI

12/5/05NSF FIND 7 Full IP stack throughout , CC, … EthernetSonet TCP / UDP HTTP / FTP / SNMP XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI IP

12/5/05NSF FIND 8 Beware “IP hype” Transmitting HTML over a wireless connection to a serial port attached to a PC is NOT running IP on the sensor network

12/5/05NSF FIND 9 Where has Internet Research Reached and “struggled”? Aggregate communication => Multicast Resource constraints => QoS, DIFFSERV Communicate with data or logical services, not just devices => URNs (DHTs?) Mobility => MobileIP, MANET In-network processing and storage => ActiveNets Intermittent connectivity => DTN ???

12/5/05NSF FIND 10 What are the main characteristics of Sensor Networks? Aggregate communication –dissemination, data collection, aggregation Resource constraints –Limited bandwidth, limited storage, limited energy Communicate with data or logical services, not just devices –Datacentric Mobility –Devices moving, tags, networks moving through networks In-network processing and storage –Really Intermittent connectivity –Low-power operation, out of range, obstructions

12/5/05NSF FIND 11 Facing these challenges Today, we use a wide range of ad hoc, application specific techniques in the SensorNet patch –Zillion different low-power MACs –Many link-specific, app-specific multihop routing protocols –Epidemic dissemination, directed diffusion, synopsis diffusion, … –All sorts of communication scheduling and power management techniques

12/5/05NSF FIND 12 Edge Network Approach , CC, … EthernetSonet IP TCP / UDP HTTP / FTP / SNMP XML / RPC / REST / SOAP / OSGI Proxy / Gateway

12/5/05NSF FIND 13 “Hacking it in” may not be so bad Security –No IP to the nodes, attacks have to get through the gateway or be physically close Namespace management –Name nodes, networks, services –Hosts, URLs, … Mask intermittent connectivity –Terminate IP on the powered side –Loosely couple, energy aware protocols on the other Distillation proxies –Small binary packets where constrained –Expanded to full text, XML, HTML, web services Rich suite of networking techniques in the Patch unimpeded by the “ossification” of the rest

12/5/05NSF FIND 14 Rethinking at Layer 7 IP Overlay Network Gateways SensorNet Patch

12/5/05NSF FIND 15 Opportunity to rethink more deeply No dusty-decks yet Not a bunch of laptops running around with their sockets open trying to route through other laptops running around… Meaningful set of applications and associated traffic loads –Environments, individual objects, interactions Chance to think through control as well as monitoring Physical embedding matters Techniques are likely to apply to the rest of the Internet

12/5/05NSF FIND 16 Traditional Analysis Delivered Performance Offered Load

12/5/05NSF FIND 17 Analysis that really matters Reliability Energy Expended Delay Traffic Load Traffic Variability Environmental variability Bandwidth Changes in network population Mobility

12/5/05NSF FIND 18 SensorNets need the Wisdom of the “Internet Architecture” Design for change! Network protocols must work over a wide variety of links –Links will evolve Network protocols must work for a variety of applications –Applications will evolve Provide only simple primitives –Don’t confuse the networking standard with a programming methodology Don’t try to lock-in your advantage in the spec Open process Rough consensus AND running code

12/5/05NSF FIND 19 XETF (Xternet Engineering and Technology Forum) ??? Mission –Foster an open, innovative, and technically sound ecosystem around interconnecting the physical world with modern networking and information technology through the creation of technical documents, protocols, reference implementations and APIs. Structure –Lean. Volunteer: BOD, steering comm., working groups. Membership –Individuals, corporate, academic, and gov’t Participation –Open. Role determined by contribution. IP Policy –Non-confidential. Disclosure and Contribution process. –Companies can develop own implementation. –BSD? Apache-like credit? MPL? LGPL? Output –RFC-like documents, reference implementations, forum for exchange and viz. –“Rough consensus AND running code”

12/5/05NSF FIND 20 Uniting long-lost relatives General Purpose Computing Instrumentation Computers Mainframe Minicomputer Workstation PC VME Dedicated Controllers Home Automation Building Automation

12/5/05NSF FIND 21 Tides of Change Log Stuff Time The successor emerges when prior regime is at its apex of strength – not at a point of weakness. What was previously hard becomes easy, but its successor becomes possible… Integration Innovation The Future Internet probably exists today; go find it

12/5/05NSF FIND 22 Discussion