Outline: Britain’s advantages Four features of early industrialization Elsewhere in Europe Impact of industrialization Terms Enclosures Canal Era Combination Acts Luddism British Radicalism Peterloo The Industrial Revolution: A Brief Introduction

Britain’s Seven Advantages Agricultural Revolution Population growth Ready capital in entrepreneurial hands –Bank of England Access to minerals Improved transportation –“The Canal Era” ( ) Governmental support Foreign trade via empire & naval dominance

By 1800, some miles of canals connected existing navigable rivers. This created some 2,000 miles of navigable inland waterways. The Canal Era ( )

Four Features of Early-Industrial Britain New ways to make things: shift from animate to inanimate forms of energy New ways to organize production Concentration in three main industries: textiles, mining & iron Concentration geographically –Advantages –Disadvantages

Industrial Revolution & Economic Transformations Cotton, Coal and Railways Cotton and Textiles –Role of Indian calicoes and British Navigation Acts –Trade and Connections between Harvest and Textile Production (distinction from Sugar) –Increasing Mechanization In Production by 19 th century The Cottager Women Spinning (1790s)

Steam Engine: James Watt: 1777, First used in coal industry Changing Technology, Changing Production The Spinning Jenny1760s Textile mills-late 1800s

Steam enginge Geographical Connections between coal and iron deposits and Manufacturing districts

Late 19 th century coal mine Coal Industry

Coal, Railroad, & Industrialization Coal Transport: 1825: Stockton-Darlington Line (9 miles) Passenger Travel: 1830: Manchester-Liverpool (32 miles) 1840: 2000 miles of track 1850: 7000 miles of track

Industrial Development on the Continent Certain important areas –Belgium –Northern France –Northern Italy Differences from Britain –Ruhr Valley in Germany –Less concentrated geographically –Cultural variations –Market approaches

Pop. Growth in millions France +9.3% Germany +21% England 22% Understanding European Industrialization: Population Change Across Europe

Certain important areas: Belgium, Northern France, Ruhr Valley in Germany & Northern Italy Before 1850 Industrial Development on the Continent

Changes in Time and Space Perception of time changes by 19 th century Regularized, mechanized, uniform Role of factory time Time = money Role of railways: 1884: Prime Meridian Conference Greenwich: zero meridian Division of 24 time zones Standard time Experience of space changes with railroad

Industrial Labor of Women and Children Is Child Labor New in the 19 th Century? No. Women & children work in pre-industrial period What has changed? Family economy disrupted Breakdown of paternalism Idea of childhood emerges Moral outrage, reform & Factory and Mines Act

Expectations of Change: New Faith in Progress 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition “industry of all nations”

Urbanization Cities with populations greater than 100,000

Initial Impacts of these Changes Breakdown of paternalism –Development of “class” ideology –Luddism: hatred of technology Radicalism/Reform Movements –Response to economic dislocation –Middle-class reformers & working men together –Government unresponsive, political action leads to repression (Peterloo 1819)

Peterloo Massacre (1819)